فهم الأحياء هودراسة الحياة وعملياتها. عملماء الأحياء يدرسون جميع نواحي الأمور الحية، بما فيهم كل أشكال الحياة المتعددة على كوكب الأرض والعمليات فيهم التي تمكنهم من الحياة. تلك العمليات الأساسية تتضمن تطويع الطاقة، تخليق ونسخ المواد التي تكون الجسم، تكاثر العضية والكثير من الوظائف الأخرى. فهم الأحياء، بجانب الكيمياء والفيزياء هوأحد المجالات الرئيسية في العلوم الطبيعية.

A

abiogenesis - absorption spectrum - acclimatization - acetyl CoA - acrosome - acrosome reaction - actin - action potential - activation energy - active site - active transport - adaptation - adaptive radiation - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) - Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) - aerobic - affinity chromatography - albinism - albumin - alcohol - Alexander Fleming - Alfred Russel Wallace - algae - allele - allele frequency - allosteric site - allostery - alpha helix - alternation of generations - alternative splicing - Ames test - amine - amino acid - Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) - anabolism - anaerobic - anaphase - anatomy - Andrew Huxley - animalia - animals - antheridium - antibiotic - antibiotic resistance - antibody - anticodon - antigen - antigenic determinant - antigenic shift - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek - apical meristem - apoptosis - Arabidopsis - arbovirus - archaebacteria - archegonium - artery - artificial life - aseptic technique in microbiology - asexual reproduction - ATPase - ATP synthase - audition - autecology - autoradiography - autosome - autotrophic - avian influenza - axon

B

B cell - bacteria - bacterial conjugation - Barr body - behavior - beta sheet - biodiversity - biological dispersal - biological tissue - biology - biology basic topics - blastomere - blastula - blunt end - bromuracil - bacteria - barbiturate - biochemical techniques - biochemistry - bioinformatics - membranes - biological psychology - biological tissues - biologist - biome - biomechanics - biophysics - biopolymer - biotechnology - BLAST - blastula - blood - blood cell - blood count - bone - botany - bryophyte

C

C3 carbon fixation - C4 photosynthesis - Calvin cycle - CAM photosynthesis - CAM plants - cancer - capacitation - capillary - carbohydrate - carbon cycle - carbon fixation - carnivore - Carolus Linnaeus - carotene - carrier - carrying capacity - cartilage - Casparian strip - catabolism - cell - cell biology - cell division - cell growth - cell nucleus - cell metabolism - cell wall - cellular differentiation - cellular respiration - cellulose - centriole - centromere - centrosome - chaperone protein - Charles Robert Darwin - chemiosmosis - chemautotrophic - chiasma - chimera (genetics) - Chi square test - chlorophyll - chloroplast - chloroplast membrane - cholesterine - chromatid - chromatin - chromatography - chromosome - chromosome walking - cilium - circadian rhythm - circulatory system - cis face - cisterna - citric acid cycle - cladistics - classical genetics - clearance - clogging - cloning - codon - codon usage bias - coenzyme - colchicine - collagen - colony - commensalism - common descent - communicable disease - community - community ecology - competition - competitive exclusion principle - competitive inhibition - computational biology - concentration gradient - continental drift - convergance - convergent evolution - cooperativity - cooperativity cellular respiration - cork cambium - cotransport metabolism - cotyledon - Craig Venter - cristae - crossing over - cryptobiology - cryptobiosis - CT - C-terminus - culture - cuticula - cyclic electron flow - cytokinesis - cytoplasm - cytoskeleton - cytosol - cytotoxic T cell

D

decarboxylation reaction - decomposition - defective interfering particle - deletion - denaturation - dendrite - dendritic cell - dengue fever - depolarization - developmental biology - diabetes - dialysis - diffusion - digestion - digestive system - digital organism - dihybrid cross - dimer - diploid - disulfide bridge - DNA - DNA replication - DNA sequence - DNA virus - double helix - Down syndrome - Drosophila - drugs - dynein

E

E. coli - ebola - Ecdysone - ecology - ecological genetics - ecosystem - ectotherm - edge effect - Edward Jenner - Edward's Syndrome - egg (biology) - elater - electromagnetic energy - electron transport chain - electrophoresis - electrophysiology - embryo - embryonal development - Emerson effect - Emmer group - endemism - endergonic reaction - endodermis - endomembrane system - endoplasmic reticulum - endosymbiont - endosymbiosis - endosymbiotic theory - endotherm - energy trap - Engelmann effect - enhancer - entomology - environmental heterogeneity environmental science - enzyme - epidermis - epidermis (botany) - epigenetics - Ernst Haeckel - ethanol - eubacteria - eugenics - eukaryote - evolution - evolutionary biology - evolutionary developmental biology - evolutionary tree - Ewens's sampling formula - excretion - exergonic reaction - exon - experimental evolution - expressed sequence tag (EST) - extinction - eye

F

facilitated diffusion - FAD - FADH - FADH2 - fat - feedback inhibition - Fehling solution - female - fermentation (biochemistry) - fetus - Fick's law of diffusion - fitness - fitness landscape - flagellum - flavine - flaviviridae - flower - fluid mosaic model - food web - foot and mouth disease - fossil - Francis Crick - Francis Galton - free energy - fundamental niche - fungi

G

G3P - gamete - gametophyte - gastrula - gel electrophoresis - gene - genetic drift - gene duplication - gene pool - genetic code - genetic equilibrium - genetic fingerprint - genetic recombination - genetics - gene regulatory network - gene therapy - genome - genome project - genomics - genotype - geologic time - George W. Beadle - glucose - glycolipid - glycolysis - glycome - glycomics - glycoprotein - glycoprotein - Gobind Khorana - Golgi apparatus - Gondwana - gradient - grana - gravitropism - Gregor Mendel - ground tissue - growth curve - Guthrie test

H

habitat - HACEK organism - halobacteria - haploid - Hardy-Weinberg principle - heart - Hela cell - helper T cell - Hepadnaviridae - hepatitis B - herbivore - heredity - hereditary disease - hermaphrodite - herpetology - Hershey-Chase experiment - heterochromatin - heterotroph - heterozygote - Hfr cell - hibernation - Hill reaction - His tag - histone - homeobox - homeostasis - homology - homoplasy - homozygote - homunculus - hormone - hormone - host - household gene - human - Human Genome Project - humoral immunity - hybrid - hybridization - hydrolysis - hydrolytic enzyme - hyperpolarization

I

ichthyology - immune cell - immune system - immunology - inbreeding - inducibility - infertility - inner matrix - insect - insectivores - insulin - intermediate filament - intermembrane space - interphase - intestine - intron - invasive species - ion channel - isoenzyme - isotonic

J

James Watson - Jean-Baptiste Lamarck - joint

K

K-selection - Kary Mullis - karyoplasm - karyotype - keratin - keystone species - kidney - kinesiology - kinetic energy - Klinefelter syndrome - knock-out mouse - Konrad Lorenz - Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) - kwashiorkor

L

Lac repressor - lactic acid autotroph - lagging strand - lambda phage - larva - leading strand - leaf - leucocyte - lichen - life form - life - light reactions - limbic system - limnology - Lineweaver-Burke-diagram - lipase - lipid - List of biochemistry topics - list of biological topics - list of biologists - list of biology topics - list of gene families - liver - locus - long-term potentiation - Louis Pasteur - lung - Lynn Margulis - Lyon hypothesis - lysis - lysozyme - lytic cycle

M

macroecology - macroevolution - macromolecules - major histocompatibility complex (MHC) - malaria - male - Malpighi body - Malpighi layer - monophyletic - marburg virus - Marcello Malpighi - Marfan syndrome - marine biology - mass extinction - mathematical biology - mating - Max Delbrück - meiosis - membrane transporter - memory - memory cell - Mendelian inheritance - meristem - metabolism - metaphase - metapopulation - metazoa - Michaelis-Menten kinetics - microbe - microbiology - microevolution - microfilament - microsatellite - microscope - microtubules - Miller-Urey experiment - mimicry - Mitchell hypothesis - mitochondrial membrane - mitochondrion - mitosis - mitotic spindle - modern evolutionary synthesis - molecular biology - molecular clock - molecular evolution - molecular genetics - molecular phylogeny - mollusc - monoclonal antibody - morphogenesis - morphometrics - morula - MRI - Muller's ratchet - multiresistance - muscle - mutagen - mutation - mutational meltdown - mutualism - mycology - myosin

N

NAD - NADH - NADPH - natural environment - natural selection - nephron - nervous system - neural plate - neural tube - neuron - neuroscience - neurospora crassa - neurotransmitter - neurula - neutral theory of molecular evolution - niche - nitrogen cycle - non-competitive inhibition - non cyclic electron flow - nondisjunction - N-terminus - nuclear lamina - nucleolus - nucleon - nucleoside - nucleosome - nucleotide - nutrition

O

Okazaki fragment - حاسة الشم - oncogene - operator - operon - organ - organelle - organism - origin of life - Oscar Hertwig - osmosis - osmoregulation - Oswald Avery - outbreak - ovalbumine - ovary - ovum - oxidation - oxidative decarboxylation - oxidative phosphorylation

P

Pangaea - paleontology - parallel evolution - paraphyletic - parasitism - parasitology - parthenogenesis - passive transport - Patau syndrome - paternity test - PCR - PCR mutagenesis - pentose phosphate pathway - peptide - peptide bond - peripheral protein - peroxisome - Pfeffer cell - phage - phagocytosis - phenotype - phloem - phospholipid - phospholipid bilayer - phosphorylation - photobiology - photolysis - photon - photophosphorylation - photorespiration - photosynthesis - photosynthesis - photosystem I - photosystem II - phycobilin - phycobiliprotein - phycocyanin - phycology - phylogenetics - phylogeny - phylogenetic tree - physiology - pigment - placenta - plankton - plant - plantae - plant physiology - plant sexuality - plasma membrane - plasmid - plasmolysis - plastid - plate tectonics - point mutation - pollenizer - pollination - pollinator - polypeptide - polyploidy - polysaccharide - population - population dynamics - population ecology - population genetics - potential energy - predation - pregnancy - primary nutritional groups - primary structure - primer - prion - prokaryote - prometaphase - promoter - prophage - prophase - proprioception - proteasome - protein biosynthesis - protein - protein translocation - proteolysis - proteome - proteomics - protist - protista - proton-motive force - proton pump - protozoa - pseudopod - pteridophyte - Punnett square - purine - punctuated equilibrium - pyrimidine - pyruvate oxidation

Q

quaternary structure

R

r-selection - radiobiology - receptor - recombination - Red Queen - redox reaction - redox system - reduction - reflex - repeats - replication - replication bubble - repressor - reproduction - reproductive system - respiration - restriction enzyme - retrovirus - reverse genetics - RFLP - rhesus factor - ribosome - RNA - RNA virus - Robert Koch - root - rough ER - RuBP - Rudolf Steiner

S

saprobe - sarcoplasmic reticulum - scientific classification - secondary metabolite - secondary structure - second messenger - seed - seed plant - selection - sequencing - serum - semen - Sewall Wright - sexual reproduction - sexual selection - shigella - shoot - signal transduction - silk - Sir Charles Lyell - sister chromatid - skeleton - skin cell - smooth ER - sociobiology - speciation - species - Hans Spemann - sperm - spermatid - spermatogenesis - spermiogenesis - spliceosome - splicing - spore - sporophyte - SSRI - starch - stem - stem cell - sticky end - stoma - stomach - streptomycine - stroma - structural biology - structural gene - substrate - substrate-level phosphorylation - surface area-to-volume ratio - symbiosis - symbiogenesis - synapomorphy - synapse - syngamy - systematics - systems biology

T

T cell - taphonomy - taxis - taxon - taxonomy - telomere - telophase - tertiary structure - testes - Theodor Bilharz - Theodor Boveri - thermocline - thermoregulation - Thomas Hunt Morgan - Thomas Malthus - thylakoid - TMV - tobacco mosaic virus - torpor - Trait (biological) - transcription - transcription factor - transcriptional regulation - trans face - transformation - [[translation (- transport vesicle - transposon - Traube cell - trophic level - tropism - tubulin - tumor - turgor - Turner syndrome - twin

U

urea cycle - Unsolved problems in biology

V

vaccine - vacuole - varicella-zoster virus - vascular cambium - vascular tissue - vein - vertebrate - vesicle - vesicular stomatitis virus - vestibular system - vicariance - virology - viral classification - virus - virus evolution - visible light - vision - vitamin

W

water cycle - wavelength - Wobble base pair -- wood

X

xanthophyll - X chromosome - xenobiology - X-ray diffraction - xylem

Y

Y chromosome - yellow fever

Z

zona pellucida - zoology - zygote

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