مركبة خضراء
تويوتا پريوس أعلى السيارات الهجينة في العالم، بإجمالي مبيعات عالمية أكثر من ثلاثة مليون سيارة في يونيو2013. Some owners use its identity to make an environmental statement.
| جزء من سلسلة عن |
| الطاقة المستدامة |
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| حفظ الطاقة |
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| الطاقة المتجددة |
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| نقل مستدام |
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بوابة تنمية مستدامة
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المركبة الخضراء green vehicle أوالمركبة الصديقة للبيئة، هي مركبة طرق تنتج آثار أقل ضرراً للبيئة عن مركبات محرك الاحتراق الداخلي التقليدية التي تعمل بالگازولين أوبالديزل، أوتلك التي تستخدم وقود بديل معين. حالياً، في بعض البلدان يستخدم المصطلح لأي مركبة تطابق أوتتعدى معايير الانبعاث الأوروپية الأكثر صرامة (مثل يورو6)، أومعايير مركبة الانبعاث صفر في كاليفورنيا (مثل ZEV، ULEV، SULEV، PZEV)، أومعيار الوقود منخفض الكربون الذي سُن في بلدان مختلفة.
قد تعمل المركبات الخضراء عن طريق الوقود البديل وقتنيات المركبات المتقدمة وتضم المركبة الكهربائية الهدجين، العربات الكهربائية الهجينة، سيارات الخلية الكهربائية، مركبات الهواء المضغوط، مركبات الهيدروجين وخلية الوقود، مركبات الإيثانول النظيف، مركبات الوقود المرن، مركبات الغاز الطبيعي، مركبات الديزل النظيف، وبعض المصادر تضم أيضاً المركبات تستخدم مزيج من الديزل الحيوي ووقود الإيثانول أوالغازوهول. ضمن الكثير من المؤلفين أيضاً المركبات التقليدية ذات اقتصاد الوقود المرتفع، حيث يعتبرون حتى زيادة اقتصاد الوقود هي أبرز الطرق كفاءة-التكلفة لتعزيز كفاءة الطاقة وتقليل انبعاثات الكربون في قطاع النقل على المدى القصير. كجزء من اسهامها في النقل المستخدام، هذه المركبات تقلل تلوث الهواء وانبعاثات الغازات الدفيئة، وتساهم في استقلال الطاقة بتقليل واردات النفط.
كفاءة الوقود
| مقارنة بالأنواع المتنوعة من المميزات الأساسية للسيارات الخضراء (القيم الإجمالية للمركبات في الإنتاج الحالي، وربما تختلف بين الأنواع) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| نوع المركبة/ توليد الطاقة |
اقتصاد الوقود (مكافئ mpg) |
المدى | تكلفة الانتاج للمدى المطروح |
الانتاج في مقارنة بالتقليدي |
فترة الاسترداد |
| محركات الاحتراق الداخلي التقليدية | 10-78 | Long (400-600 mi) |
منخفض | 0% | - |
| الديزل الحيوي | 18-71 | Long (360-540 mi) |
منخفض | 100% | - |
| الكهربائية | 54-118 | Shorter (73-150 mi) Luxury models Medium (160-300 mi) |
مرتفع Very high |
varies depending on energy source |
- |
| الهيدروجين خلية الوقود | 80 | Astronomical | |||
| الكهربائية الهجين | 30-60 | 380 mi | متوسط | 5 years | |
الأنواع
مقارنة كفاءة الطاقة بين مركبة الخلية الكهربائية وسيارات خلية-وقود الهيدروجين.
Sales of both the Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid (top) and the Nissan Leaf all-electric car (bottom) began in December 2010.
PSA Peugeot Citroën Hybrid Air concept exhibited at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show.
المركبات الكهربائية ومركبات الخلية-الوقود
المركبات الكهربائية الهجينة
سيارات الهواء المضغوط، سيارات ستيرلينگ وأخرى
السيارات التقليدية المحسنة
The Fiat Siena Tetrafuel 1.4 is a multifuel car designed to run as a flex-fuel on gasoline, or E20-E25 blend, or neat ethanol (E100); or to run as a bi-fuel with natural gas (CNG).
أخرى
مركبة شمسية.
مركبات تجر بالحيوانات
مركبات تدار يدوياً
Vélo'v bicycle sharing system in Lyon, France.
فوائد استخدام المركبات الخضراء
البيئية
الصحية
المالية
نقد
الترويج القومي والدولي
الاتحاد الأوروپي
الولايات المتحدة
ترتيبات المركبات الخضراء
Chevrolet Volt plug-in hybrid.
نيسان ليف سيارة كهربائية.
Mitsubishi i-MiEV سيارة كهربائية.
فورد فوكس الكهربائية.
Ford C-Max Energi plug-in hybrid.
BMW i3 سيارة كهربائية.
Tesla Model S electric car.
Ford Fusion Energi plug-in hybrid.
Honda Accord Plug-in Hybrid.
VW Golf TDI clean diesel.
Honda FCX Clarity.
Toyota Prius (3rd gen).
Honda Civic Hybrid (2nd gen)
Ford Fusion Hybrid (1st gen).
Honda Insight (2nd gen).
Honda Civic GX.
Lexus CT 200h.
Smart fortwo.
| ترتيبات سنوية مختارة للسيارات الكهربائية | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| المركبة | السنة الطراز |
نوع المركبة/fuel |
EPA Combined mileage (mpg) |
EPA المدينة mileage (mpg) |
EPA الطريق السريع mileage (mpg) |
| Most efficient EPA-certified vehicles | |||||
| Chevrolet Volt — Current year, gasoline fuel | 2012 | Plug-in Hybrid | 60 mpg-e | 58 mpg-e | 62 mpg-e |
| Honda Insight — All years, gasoline fuel | 2000 | Hybrid electric | 53 | 49 | 61 |
| Scion iQ EV — All years, all fuels | 2013 | Electric car | 121 mpg-e | 138 mpg-e | 105 mpg-e |
| Green Car Journal — Green Car of the Year | |||||
|
Honda Accord ninth generation line-up — 2014 Award |
2014 | Gasoline hybrid and plug-in variants |
mim 29 mpg, hybrid 47 mpg, plug-in 115 mpg-e | ||
| Ford Fusion 2nd gen line-up — 2013 Award | 2013 | Gasoline, EcoBoost, hybrid and plug-in variants |
mim 34 mpg, hybrid 47 mpg, plug-in 100 mpg-e | ||
| Honda Civic GX — 2012 Award | 2012 | Natural gas | 28 | 24 | 36 |
| Chevrolet Volt — 2011 Award | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
| 93 mpg-e | 37 mpg | 35 mi | |||
| Audi A3 TDI — 2010 Award | 2010 | Clean diesel | 33 | 30 | 41 |
| VW Jetta TDI — 2009 Award | 2009 | Clean diesel | 41 | 40 | 43 |
| Green Car Journal — Green Car Vision Award | |||||
| Ford C-Max Energi — 2012 Award | 2013 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
| Ford Focus Electric — 2011 Award | 2012 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
| 100 mi | |||||
| Nissan Leaf — 2010 Award | 2011 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
| 99 mpg-e | 73 mi | ||||
| Chevrolet Volt — 2009 Award | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
| 93 mpg-e | 37 mpg | 35 mi | |||
| World Car of the Year — World Green Car | |||||
| BMW i3 — 2013 Award | 2014 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
| EPA rating not available | 70-110 mi | ||||
| Tesla Model S — 2013 Award | 2013 |
Electric car (60/85 kWh battery) |
Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
| 95/89 mpg-e | 208/265 mi | ||||
|
Mercedes-Benz S 250 CDI BlueEFFICIENCY — 2012 Award |
2012 | Clean diesel | 5.7 ل/100 kم (50 mpg‑imp; 41 mpg‑US) | ||
| Chevrolet Volt — 2011 Award | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
| 93 mpg-e | 37 mpg | 35 mi | |||
|
Volkswagen BlueMotion — 2010 Award (Golf, Passat, Polo) |
2010 | Clean diesel | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |
|
Honda FCX Clarity — 2009 Award (miles per kilogram of hydrogen) |
2009 | Hydrogen fuel cell | 77 | 67 | 72 |
| Consumer Reports Top Picks: Green Car Category | |||||
| Tesla Model S — Best overall model 2014 | 2014 |
Electric car (60/85 kWh battery) |
Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
| 95/89 mpg-e | 208/265 mi | ||||
| Toyota Prius — Best green car 2014 | 2014 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| Toyota Prius — Best green car 2013 | 2013 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| Toyota Prius — Best green car 2012 | 2012 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| Toyota Prius — Best green car 2011 | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| Toyota Prius — Best green car 2010 | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| Toyota Prius — Best green car 2009 | 2009 | Hybrid electric | 46 | 48 | 45 |
| Consumer Reports American Top Picks: Green Car Category | |||||
| Ford Fusion Hybrid — Top Pick 2011 | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 39 | 41 | 36 |
| Ford Fusion Hybrid — Top Pick 2010 | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 39 | 41 | 36 |
| Ford Escape Hybrid — Top Pick 2009 | 2009 | Hybrid electric | 32 | 34 | 31 |
| What Car? Green Awards | |||||
| BMW 320d Efficient Dynamics — Overall Winner 2012 | 2012 | Clean diesel | UK combined 56 mpg‑imp (5.0 ل/100 kم; 47 mpg‑US) | ||
| Vauxhall Ampera — Overall Winner 2011 | 2012 | Plug-in hybrid | EC combined 235.4 mpg‑imp (1.200 ل/100 kم; 196.0 mpg‑US) | ||
| Toyota Auris Hybrid — Overall Winner 2010 | 2010 | Hybrid electric | UK combined 74 mpg‑imp (3.8 ل/100 kم; 62 mpg‑US) | ||
| Volvo S40 1.6D DRIVe S — Overall Winner 2009 | 2009 | Clean diesel | UK combined 60 mpg‑imp (4.7 ل/100 kم; 50 mpg‑US) | ||
| Ford Focus 1.6 TDCi Style — Overall Winner 2008 | 2008 | Clean diesel | UK combined 52 mpg‑imp (5.4 ل/100 kم; 43 mpg‑US) | ||
| Mother Earth News Best Green Cars | |||||
| Best Green Cars of 2011 | |||||
| Chevrolet Volt | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gas equivalent All-electric mode |
Gasoline only mode |
All-electric range |
| 93 mpg-e | 37 mpg | 35 mi | |||
| Nissan Leaf | 2011 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
| 99 mpg-e | 73 mi | ||||
| Toyota Prius | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| Ford Fiesta | 2011 | Gasoline | 33 | 29 | 38 |
| Honda CR-Z CVT | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 37 | 35 | 39 |
| VW Jetta TDI | 2011 | Clean diesel | 34 | 30 | 42 |
| Best Green Cars of 2010 | |||||
| Ford Fusion Hybrid | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 39 | 41 | 36 |
| Honda Civic Hybrid | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 42 | 40 | 45 |
| Honda Insight | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
| Toyota Prius | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| VW Golf TDI | 2010 | Clean diesel | 34 | 30 | 42 |
| VW Jetta TDI | 2010 | Clean diesel | 41 | 40 | 43 |
| American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy Greenest Vehicles of the Year | |||||
| Greenest Vehicles of 2012 (Top 5) | |||||
| Mitsubishi i-MiEV | 2012 | Electric car | 112 mpg-e | 3.8 mile/Kwh | 2.9 mile/Kwh |
| Honda Civic GX | 2012 | Natural gas | - | 27mpg-e | 38 mpg-e |
| Nissan Leaf | 2012 | Electric car | 99 mpg-e | 3.1 mile/Kwh | 2.7 mile/Kwh |
| Toyota Prius | 2012 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| Honda Insight | 2012 | Hybrid electric | 42 | 41 | 44 |
| Greenest Vehicles of 2011 (Top 5) | |||||
| Honda Civic GX | 2011 | Natural gas | 28 | 24 | 36 |
| Nissan Leaf | 2011 | Electric car | 99 mpg-e | 3.15 mile/Kwh | 2.72 mile/Kwh |
| Smart fortwo (Cabriolet/Coupe) | 2011 | Gasoline | 36 | 33 | 41 |
| Toyota Prius | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| Honda Civic Hybrid | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
| Greenest Vehicles of 2010 (Top 5) | |||||
| Honda Civic GX | 2010 | Natural gas | 28 | 24 | 36 |
| Toyota Prius | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| Honda Civic Hybrid | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 42 | 40 | 45 |
| Smart fortwo (Convertible/coupe) | 2010 | Gasoline | 36 | 33 | 41 |
| Honda Insight | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
| Kelley Blue Book Topعشرة Green Cars | |||||
| Topعشرة Green Cars of 2014 (Top 5) | |||||
| BMW i3 | 2014 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
| EPA rating not available | 70-110 mi | ||||
| Nissan Leaf | 2014 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
| 99 mpg-e | 73 mi | ||||
| Toyota Prius | 2014 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| Tesla Model S | 2014 |
Electric car (60/85 kWh battery) |
Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
| 95/89 mpg-e | 208/265 mi | ||||
| Honda Accord Hybrid | 2014 | Hybrid electric | 47 | 50 | 45 |
| Topعشرة Green Cars of 2011 (Top 3) | |||||
| Nissan Leaf | 2011 | Electric car | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
| 99 mpg-e | 73 mi | ||||
| Chevrolet Volt | 2011 | Plug-in hybrid | Gasoline equivalent fuel economy |
All-electric range | |
| 93 mpg-e | 35 mi | ||||
| Toyota Prius | 2011 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| Topعشرة Green Cars of 2010 (Top 3) | |||||
| Toyota Prius | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 50 | 51 | 48 |
| Honda Insight | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 41 | 40 | 43 |
| Ford Fusion Hybrid | 2010 | Hybrid electric | 39 | 41 | 36 |
عروض السيارات الخضراء
انظر أيضاً
- مركبة الوقود البديل
- البدائل للسيارات
- تكنولوجيا بازعة - أمثلة لطرق المركبات الخضراء الجديدة
- Green tuning
- التحدي الأخضر
- Government incentives for plug-in electric vehicles
- سيارات أجرى هيجنة
- انبعاثات منخفضة الكربون
- معيار الوقود منخفض الكربون
- Miles per gallon gasoline equivalent
- Motorised quadricycle
- Progressive Insurance Automotive X Prize
- Plug-in electric vehicles
- Union of Concerned Scientists' Hybrid Scorecard
- Zero emissions vehicle
الهوامش والمصادر
- ^ Toyota Europe News (2013-07-03). "Worldwide Prius sales top 3-million mark; Prius family sales at 3.4 million". Green Car Congress. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
- ^ Maynard, Micheline (2007-07-04). ". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
- ^ R.I.C. Publications (2005). . p. 67. ISBN .
- ^ "Green Vehicle Guide". Green Student U. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Working Group on Low-Emission Vehicles (2004). . OECD Publishing. pp. 84–85. ISBN .
- ^ "Alternative and Advanced Vehicles". Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center, U.S. Department of Energy. Retrieved 2010-04-24.
- ^ Sperling, Daniel and Deborah Gordon (2009). Two billion cars: driving toward sustainability. Oxford University Press, New York. pp. 235–260. ISBN . See Chapter 9: Driving Towards Sustainability
- ^ S&TR
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةautogenerated2 -
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةautogenerated1 - ^ US DoE and US EPA. "Most Efficient EPA Certified Vehicles". Fueleconomy.gov. Retrieved 2012-12-15.
- ^ Sebastian Blanco (2013-11-21). "Honda Accord Hybrid and PHEV win 2014 Green Car of the Year". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
- ^ Compare Side-by-Side 2014 Honda Accord variants
- ^ Sebastian Blanco (2012-11-29). "Ford Fusion wins 2013 Green Car Of The Year". Autoblog. Retrieved 2012-11-29.
- ^ Carpenter, Susan (2011-11-17). "Honda Civic Natural Gas wins 2012 Green Car of the Year Award". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2011-11-17.
- ^ "Chevrolet Volt Electric Car is 2011 Green Car of the Year". Green Car Journal. 2010-11-18. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
- ^ David Bailey and Kevin Krolicki (2010-11-24). "Chevy Volt tops Prius in fuel economy rating". Reuter. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ "Volt receives EPA ratings and label: 93 mpg-e all-electric, 37 mpg gas-only, 60 mpg-e combined". Green Car Congress. 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
- ^ "Audi A3 TDI is 2010 Green Car of the Year. Clean Diesel Reigns!". Green Car Journal. 2009-12-03. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ "VW Jetta Clean Diesel Wins 2009 Green Car of the Year!". Green Car Journal. 2008-11-21. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ Sebastian Blkanco (2012-01-26). "Ford C-Max Energi wins 2012 Green Car Vision Award". Autoblog Green. Retrieved 2012-01-26.
- ^ Sebastian Blanco (2011-01-27). "DC 2011: Ford Focus Electric wins Green Car Vision award". AutoblogGreen. Retrieved 2011-01-27.
- ^ "Nissan Leaf Electric Car Wins 2010 Green Car Vision Award". Green Car Journal. 2010-01-26. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ Nick Bunkley (2010-11-22). "Nissan Says Its Electric Leaf Gets Equivalent of 99 M.P.G." New York Times. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
- ^ "Innovative Chevy Volt Wins 2009 Green Car Vision Award". Green Car Journal. 2009-02-04. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ Jim Henry (2014-04-17). "New York Auto Show: BMWi3 Is The 2014 World Green Car Of The Year". Forbes. Retrieved 2014-04-17.
- ^ PRNewswire (2013-03-28). "And Now There Is One.... Tesla Model S Declared 2013 World Green Car". International Business Times. Retrieved 2013-03-28.
- ^ "Chevrolet Volt Declared 2011 World Green Car". World Car of the Year. 2011-04-21. Retrieved 2011-04-21.
- ^ "World Green Car: 2010". World Car of the Year. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ "World Green Car: 2009 Eligible Vehicles". World Car of the Year. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ "Consumer Reports' Top Picks 2014 The best models inعشرة categories". Consumer Reports. February 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-21. line feed character in
|title=at position 33 (help) -
^ "Top Picks 2013 Best car models of the year inعشرة categories". Consumer Reports. April 2013. Retrieved 2014-04-21. line feed character in
|title=at position 15 (help) - ^ "2012 Annual Auto Issue: Consumer Reports names its 2012 Top Picks". Consumer Reports. 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
- ^ "Top Picks: Best models of the year inعشرة categories". Consumer Reports. 2011-02-28. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
- ^ "Top Picks: Best models of the year inعشرة categories - Green Car". Consumer Reports. April 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ "Consumer Reports Top Picks 2009". Consumer Reports. 2009-02-27. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ "Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2011". Consumer Reports. 2011-03-03. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
- ^ "Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2010". Consumer Reports. 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ "Consumer Reports American Top Picks 2009". Consumer Reports. 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ Chas Hallett (2012-09-19). "BMW 320d ED wins Green Car of the Year". What Car?. Retrieved 2012-09-27.
- ^ "What Car? Green Awards 2011 - Overall Winner". What Car?. 2011-09-07. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
- ^ "Vauxhall Ampera is urban fuel champion". Which?. 2012-01-23. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
- ^ "What Car? Green Awards 2010 - And the 2010 Award winner is..." What Car?. 2010-07-01. Retrieved 2010-07-01.
- ^ "What Car? Green Awards 2009 - Overall winner". What Car?. 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2010-05-09.
- ^ "Volvo S40 Tech Spec (UK)". Volvocars.com. 2010-05-26. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "What Car? Green awards 2008 - Winner". What Car?. 2008-07-22. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ "Ford Focus 1.6 TDCi Style 5dr 110 Diesel Estate (UK)". Buyacar.co.uk. 2008-01-01. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
- ^ "Best Green Cars, 2011". Mother Earth News. May 2011. Retrieved 2012-02-08. June–July 2011 issue
- ^ "2010 Best Green Cars". Mother Earth News. March 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-02. April–May 2010 issue
- ^ American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (2011-02-08). "Greenest Vehicles of 2012". GreenCars.org. Retrieved 2011-02-08.
- ^ American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (2011-02-15). "Greenest Vehicles of 2011". GreenCars.org. Retrieved 2011-02-15.
- ^ John O'Dell (2011-02-17). "Chevy Volt Slips to 13th Place in Revised ACEEE Green Car Rankings". Edmunds.com Green Car Adviser. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ "Hybrids Dominate 2010 List of Greenest Vehicles". HybridCars.com. 2010-01-19. Retrieved 2010-09-26.
- ^ Eric Loveday (2014-04-21). "BMW i3 Named Kelley Blue Book's Best Green Car Of 2014". InsideEvs.com. Retrieved 2014-04-21.
- ^ Wendy Koch (2011-04-12). "Greenest cars? Gas prices drive interest in fuel economy". USA Today. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "Topعشرة Green Cars for 2011". Kelley Blue Book. 2011-04-12. Retrieved 2011-04-15.
- ^ "KBB Green: Topعشرة Green Cars for 2010". Kelley Blue Book. April 2010. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ "KBB's green cars list includes VW Golf TDI, Chevy Tahoe hybrid". USA Today. 2010-04-20. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
قراءات إضافية
- Leitman, Seth and Brant, Bob (October 2008). . McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBN .CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Tobin Smith, Jim Woods, Liz Claman (2008). "Waving the Green Flag, Clean Transportation". . John Wiley and Sons. pp. 35–46. ISBN .CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- , Wikiversity
وصلات خارجية
- 2013 VehicleTechnologies Market Report, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicle Data Center
- AU Green Vehicle Guide
- Clean Car Calculator (Institute for Energy Efficiency)
- Clean Cities - 2014 Vehicle Buyer's Guide, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), U.S. Department of Energy, Clean Cities program. December 2013.
- Earth cars
- EPA Green Vehicle Guide
- Green Cars (Autocar)
- Green Car Center (Yahoo)
- Green Car Guide.
- Infographic: Green Cars 101 (2011)
- Green cars and eco driving
- Green Progress
- Model Year 2014 Fuel Economy Guide , U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Department of Energy, April 2014.
- Progressive Insurance Automotive X PRIZE homepage
- Small Efficient Vehicles Wiki: People's Car Project
- State of Charge: Electric Vehicles’ Global Warming Emissions and Fuel-Cost Savings across the United States (UCS)
- Top Ten EPA-Rated Fuel Sippers (2012) - including BEVs and PHEVs
- UCS Hybrid Scorecard (Union of Concerned Scientists)
