دراسات فلكية قديمة

The rising Sun illuminates the inner chamber of Newgrange, Ireland, only at the winter solstice.

الدراسات الفلكية القديمة ، هي دراسة كيفية فهم الشعوب القديمة لظاهرة ما في السماء ، وكيفة إستخدامها وماهية الدور الذي تلعبه السماء في ثقافاتهم.

وتهتم تلك الدراسات بالفهم الفلكية لدى القدماء. وتعتمد على ما يبذله الباحثون في شتى المجالات، منها فهم الآثار والفلك والتاريخ وفهم الإنسان. ويعتقد الباحثون في حقل الدراسات الفلكية القديمة بأن إلمامهم بمعارف الأقدمين ومعتقداتهم في الكون المحيط بهم، يجعلهم أقدر على فهم تلك الحضارات القديمة. يضاف إلى ذلك ما هجره الأقدمون من مُدَوَّنات تُسجل ملاحظاتهم عن الأفلاك والنجوم، مما يساعد المعاصرين على القيام بحساباتهم الفلكية عن الأجرام السماوية.

يستقي دارسوالفلك القديم معلوماتهم عن معارف الأقدمين الفلكية من المخطوطات القديمة وغيرها. فقد دلت السجلات الأثرية، على سبيل المثال، على فهم هنود المايا بأمريكا الوسطى، بمواقع الشمس والقمر والأفلاك والنجوم. وكشفت جداول معينة عن معهدتهم الكاملة بحركة كوكب الزهرة الذي كانوا يعبدونه؛ إذ اشتملت هذه الجداول على تقويم يبيِّن مواقيت ظهور كوكب الزهرة في السماء واحتجابه. وقد قاموا بتشييد أبوابهم ونوافذهم وسلالم مبانيهم في اتجاهات تنطبق على خط طلوع الزهرة في الأفق.

ساعدت الدراسات الفلكية القديمة الباحثين في استنتاجهم الخاص بالكيفية التي كان ينتفع بها الأقدمون من أنواع معينة من المباني، وعلى سبيل المثال، الأشكال المستديرة المبنية من أحجار ضخمة، والتي يرجع تاريخ بعضها إلى أكثر من 5,000 سنة، توجد في مواقع متفرقة من بريطانيا. فقد تَبيَّن لدارسي الفلك القديم، حتى هذه المنشآت الحجرية كانت مرشدًا للأقدمين عن مواقيت شروق الشمس وبزوغ القمر وزوالهما في فترات محددة خلال السنة. ويتيقن الباحثون من حتى الأشكال الدائرية قد تكون ضربًا من التقاويم. أوللتنبؤ بها عن الكسوف والخسوف.

تاريخ الدراسات الفلكية القديمة

It has been proposed that Maya sites such as Uxmal were built in accordance with astronomical alignments

. The approach in the New World, where anthropologists began to consider more fully the role of astronomy in Amerindian civilizations, was markedly different. They had access to sources that the prehistory of Europe lacks such as ethnographies and the historical records of the early colonizers. Following the pioneering example of Anthony Aveni, this allowed New World archaeoastronomers to make claims for motives which in the Old World would have been mere speculation. The concentration on historical data led to some claims of high accuracy that were comparatively weak when compared to the statistically led investigations in Europe.

الدراسات الفلكية القديمة وعلاقاته بالمجالات الأخرى

المنهجية

الدرسات الفلكية القديمة الخضراء

الدراسات الفلكية القديمة البنية

"El Caracol" a possible observatory temple at Chichen Itza.

مصدر المواد

تحالفات

تحف

The Antikythera mechanism (main fragment)

الفنون والنقوش

Diagram showing the location of the sun daggers on the Fajada Butte petroglyph on various days

Ethnographies

An alleged 'supernova petroglyph' at Pueblo Bonito

إعادة تشكيل السماء القديمة

Declination

A time lapse photo showing the stars rotating around the celestial pole.

Diagram of the visible portions of sky at varying latitudes.

مواقع شمسية

مواقع قمرية

مواقع متميزة

Precessional movement.

ظواهر عابرة

Halley's Comet depicted on the Bayeux tapestry

الموضاعات الرئيسية في بحوث الدراسات الفلكية القديمة

إستخدام التقويمات

الأسطور وفهم الكونيات

The constellation Argo Navis drawn by Johannes Hevelius in 1690.

Another motive for studying the sky is to understand and explain the universe. In these cultures myth was a tool for achieving this and the explanations, while not reflecting the standards of modern science, are cosmologies.

عروض القوة

The Precinct of Amun-Re was aligned on the midwinter solstice.

أهم المواقع المهتمة بالدراسات الفلكية القديمة

Newgrange

The sunlight enters the tomb at Newgrange via the roofbox built above the door.

أهرامات الجيزة

The pyramids of Giza.

الكاستلو

Plumed Serpent

Stonehenge

The sun rising over Stonehenge at the 2005 Summer Solstice.

Uxmal

The Palace of the Governor at Uxmal.

Fringe Archaeoastronomy

المنظمات والمنشورات الخاصة بالدراسات الفلكية القديمة

انظر أيضا

ثقافة فلكية
List of archaeoastronomical sites sorted by country Sites where claims for the use of astronomy have been made.
List of artefacts of archaeoastronomical significance Artefacts which have been interpreted as being used for some astronomical purpose.
European Megalithic Culture
Australian Aboriginal Astronomy
- Aboriginal stone arrangements
Lunar standstill
Medicine wheels
Mound builders
Petroforms
Astronomical chronology

ملاحظات

^ Sinclair 2006:13
^ الموسوعة المعهدية الكاملة
^ / الموسوعة المعهدية الكاملة
^ Zeilik 1985
^ Zeilik 1986
^ Milbraith 1999:8
^ Broda 2000:233
^ Hoskin 1996

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وصلات خارجية

Archaeoastronomy A Thinkquest website surveying archaeoastronomical sites across the world.
Astronomy before History, by Clive Ruggles and Michael Hoskins, a chapter from The Cambridge Concise History of Astronomy, Michael Hoskin ed., 1999
Clive Ruggles's webpage: images, bibliography, software, and synopsis of his course at the University of Leicester
Space Imaging’s Ancient Observatories gallery — Satellite pictures of ancient observatories.
Traditions of the Sun — NASA and others exploring the world's ancient observatories.
Ancient Observatories: Timeless Knowledge NASA Poster on ancient (and modern) observatories.
Mesoamerican Archaeoastronomy - A Review of Contemporary Understandings of Prehispanic Astronomic Knowledge.