پرنسيپيا ماثماتيكا
The title page of the shortened version of the Principia Mathematica to *56.
پرنسيپيا ماثماتيكا Principia Mathematica، هوكتاب من ثلاثة مجلدات، خطه ألفريد نورث وايتهيد وبترراند روسل ونشر في 1910، 1912، و1913. في عام 1927 ظهر إصدار آخر بمقدمة للإصدار الثاني وملحق أ ليحل محل *9، وملحق ج.
مقتطفات
- "From this proposition it will follow, when arithmetical addition has been defined, that 1+1=2." - Volume I, 1st edition, page 379 (page 362 in 2nd edition; page 360 in abridged version).
*54.43: From this proposition it will follow, ... that 1+1=2
- The proof is actually completed in Volume II, 1st edition, page 86, accompanied by the comment, "The above proposition is occasionally useful."
انظر أيضاً
- Axiomatic set theory
- Begriffsschrift
- Boolean algebra (logic)
- لغة معالجة البيانات
الهامش
المصادر
الرئيسية:
- Whitehead, Alfred North, and Bertrand Russell. Principia Mathematica, ثلاثة vols, Cambridge University Press, 1910, 1912, and 1913. Second edition, 1925 (Vol. 1), 1927 (Vols 2, 3). Abridged as Principia Mathematica to *56, Cambridge University Press, 1962.
الثانوية:
- Stephen Kleene 1952 Introduction to Meta-Mathematics, 6th Reprint, North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam NY, ISBN 0 7204 21039.
- Ivor Grattan-Guinness (2000) The Search for Mathematical Roots 1870-1940, Princeton University Press, Princeton N.J., ISBN 0-691-05857-1 (alk. paper).
- Ludwig Wittgenstein 2009 Major Works: Selected Philosophical Writings, HarperrCollins, NY, NY, ISBN 978-0-06-155024-9. In particular:
- Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (Vienna 1918, original publication in German).
- Jean van Heijenoort editor 1967 From Frege to Gödel: A Source book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931, 3rd printing, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA, ISBN 0-674-32449-8 (pbk.)
وصلات خارجية
-
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
- Principia Mathematica -- by A. D. Irvine.
- -- by Bernard Linsky.
-
Principia Mathematica online (University of Michigan Historical Math Collection):
- Volume I
- Volume II
- Volume III
- Proposition *54.43 in a more modern notation (Metamath)
