لستر ف. وارد Lester F. Ward (و. 18 يونيو1841 - ت. 18 أبريل 1913)، هوعالم نبات، عالم نبات عتيق، وعالم اجتماع أمريكي. كان أول رئيس للجمعية الأمريكية لفهم الاجتماع.

كان أول من طرح فصول فهم الاجتماع في التعليم العالي الأمريكي. كان يعتقد بأن بلمجتمع المدار فهمياً جاذبية خاصة للمفكرين أثناء الفترة التقدمية. كان تأثيره في بعض الدوائر (انظر: الإنجيل الاجتماعي) متأثراً بآراؤه حول الكهنوت المنظم، والذي كان يؤمن بمسئوليته عن الشر أكثر من الخير عبر التاريخ الإنساني.

حياته

السنوات المبكرة

التعليم لامبكر

الزواج والخدمة في الحرب الأهلية

الكلية

العمل البحثي والمسح الجيولوجي الأمريكي

جامعة براون - فهم الاجتماع

أعمال وأفكار

المساواة النسوية

السياسة البيئية في الولايات المتحدة

تفوق البيض والعرق

اللاماركيانية

الإيجابية

نظرية الحرب والصراع

التأثير على السياسة الحكومية الأمريكية

يوميات وارد

اقتباسات

المراجع

• Becker, Ernest; Escape From Evil; Free Press, reissue edition; 1985.
• John Chynoweth Burnham (1956). . Annals of American sociology. Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press.
• Samuel Chugerman (1939). Lester F. Ward, the American Aristotle: A Summary and Interpretation of His Sociology. Literary Licensing, LLC. ISBN .
• Chriss, James J. (2006). "The Place of Lester Ward among the Sociological Classics". Journal of Classical Sociology. 6 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1177/1468795X06061282.
• Commager, Henry Steele (1950). "Lester Ward and the Science of Society". . Yale University Press. ISBN .
• Commager, Henry Steele, ed.; Lester Ward and the Welfare State. New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967.
• Coser, Lewis; A History of Sociological Analysis, Basic Books, New York http://www.sociology.ccsu.edu/adair/american_trends_by_lewis_coser.htm
• Dahms,Harry F.; Lester F. Ward http://web.utk.edu/~hdahms/Ward.pdf
• Finlay, Barbara; Lester Frank Ward as a Sociologist Of Gender: A New Look at His Sociological Work; Gender & Society, Vol. 13, No. 2, 251-265 (1999) http://gas.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/13/2/251
• Gossett, Thomas F.; Race: The History of an Idea in America, pg. 160 http://books.google.com/books?id=WUucYTW6ug0C&pg=PP1&dq=Race:+the+history+of+an+idea+in+America&client=opera#v=onepage&q=&f=false
• Harp, Gillis J.; Positivist Republic, Ch.خمسة "Lester F. Ward: Positivist Whig" http://books.google.com/books?id=8M_6u9DO7PwC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0
• Hofstadter, Richard.; Social Darwinism in American Thought, Chapter 4, (original 1944, 1955; reprint Boston: Beacon Press, 1992). http://books.google.com/books?id=Ty8aEmWc_ekC&dq=Social+Darwinism+in+American+Thought&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=ahuvSd3ENJ6DtwfatZn-BQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result
• Largey, Gale; Lester Ward: A Global Sociologist http://www.allacademic.com//meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/3/7/7/0/pages237708/p237708-1.php
• Mers, Adelheid; Fusion http://adelheidmers.org/aweb/fusion.pdf
• Perlstadt,Harry; Applied Sociology as Translational Research: A One Hundred Fifty Year Voyage http://www.msu.edu/~perlstad/History_Applied_Sociology_H_Perlstadt_Jun_05.pdf
• Rafferty, Edward C.; Apostle of Human Progress. Lester Frank Ward and American Political Thought, 1841/1913. http://books.google.com/books?id=4Q_5F1gu-mMC&source=gbs_navlinks_s
• Ravitch, Diane; Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms; Simon & Schuster; Chapter one: The Educational Ladder http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/r/ravitch-back.html
• Ross, John R.; Man over Nature: the origins of the conservation movement https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/amerstud/article/view/2348/2307
• Ross, Dorthy; The Origins of American Social Science; Cambridge University Press http://books.google.com/books?id=rg4blh6xmhIC&pg=PA85&dq=%22beginnings+of+sociology%22+Dorothy+Ross&num=50&client=opera&sig=ACfU3U3yskKN_N59SPWMHWZttxk4Oo48MQ
• Seidelman,Raymond and Harpham, Edward J.; Disenchanted Realists: Political Science and the American Crisis, 1884–1984; pg. 26 http://books.google.com/books?id=09-ZDrzUz-gC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_v2_summary_r&cad=0
• Wood, Clement; The Sociology Of Lester F Ward https://archive.org/details/sociologyofleste033176mbp

أعمال مختارة

1880-1889

• Ward, Lester F. (1881). "Guide to the Flora of Washington, D.C and Vicinity". http://books.google.ca. Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum - Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Washington: Washington Printing Office. 26 (22): 363–469. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1883). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 1 of 2. New York: D. Appleton & Co. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1885). "Sketch of Paleobotany". http://www.archive.org. Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum - Extract from the Fifth Annual Report of the Director, 1883-'84. Washington: Washington Printing Office. ?? (??): 363–469. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1885). "Synopsis of the Flora of the Laramie Group". http://www.archive.org. Chicago: U.S. Geological Survey. 6: 399–557. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1887). "Types of the Laramie Flora". http://archive.org. Department of the Interior: U.S. National Museum - Bulletin of the United States National Museum. Washington: Washington Printing Office. ?? (37): 363–469. External link in |website= (help)

1890-1899

• Ward, Lester F. (1891). . http://www.archive.org. Washington: Gedney & Roberts Co. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1893). . http://www.archive.org. Boston: Ginn & Co. External link in |website= (help) (reprinted 1906)

• Ward, Lester F. (1895). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 1, No. 2. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 132–145. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1895). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 1, No. 3. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 313–326. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1895). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 1, No. 4. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 426–433. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1896). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 1, No. 5. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 618–632. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1896). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 1, No. 6. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 738–752. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1896). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 2, No. 1. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 82–95. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1896). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 2, No. 2. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 234–254. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1896). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 2, No. 3. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 446–460. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1897). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 2, No. 4. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 532–546. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1897). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 2, No. 5. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 699–717. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1897). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 2, No. 6. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 801–822. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1897). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 2 of 2. New York: D. Appleton & Co. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1898). . http://www.archive.org. London: The Macmillan Co. External link in |website= (help) (reprinted 1913)

1900-1909

• Ward, Lester F. (January 1902). "Contemporary Sociology, I-IV (Part 1 of 3)". http://www.archive.org. American Journal of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7 (4). External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (March 1902). "Contemporary Sociology, V-VIII (Part 2 of 3)". http://www.archive.org. American Journal of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 7 (5): 629–658. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (May 1902). . http://www.archive.org. American Journal of Sociology. Vol. 7. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 749–762. External link in |website= (help)

• (1903) Pure Sociology. A Treatise on the Origin and Spontaneous Development of Society. (2,625 KB - PDF)

• Ward, Lester F. (1905). "Status of the Mesozoic floras of the United States, Vol. 1". http://www.archive.org. Monographs of the U.S. Geological Survey. Washington: Washington Printing Office. 48 (Part 1 - Text): 5–616. External link in |website= (help) With the collaboration of William M. Fontaine, Arthur Bibbins, and G. R. Wieland

• Ward, Lester F. (1905). "Status of the Mesozoic floras of the United States, Vol. 2". http://www.archive.org. Monographs of the U.S. Geological Survey. Washington: Washington Printing Office. 48 (Part 2 - Plates): ~500pp. External link in |website= (help) With the collaboration of William M. Fontaine, Arthur Bibbins, and G. R. Wieland

• Dealey, James Q.; Ward, Lester F. (1905). . http://www.archive.org. London: The Macmillan Co. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1906). . http://www.archive.org. New York, et al: Ginn & Co. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1908). . http://www.archive.org. Vol. 13. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 617–627. External link in |website= (help)

1910-1919

• Ward, Lester F. (1913). . http://www.archive.org. Chicago: American Journal of Sociology. pp. 737–754. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). . http://www.archive.org.ستة vols. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). . http://www.archive.org.ستة vols. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). . http://www.archive.org.ستة vols. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). . http://www.archive.org.ستة vols. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). . http://www.archive.org.ستة vols. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. External link in |website= (help)

• Ward, Lester F. (1913–1918). . http://www.archive.org.ستة vols. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. External link in |website= (help)

انظر أيضاً

• تاريخ الإنسانية

المصادر

قراءات إضافية

مراجع أساسية

• Commager, Henry Steele, ed., Lester Frank Ward and the Welfare State (1967), major writings by Ward, and long introduction by Commager
• Stern, Bernhard J. ed. Young Ward's Diary: A Human and Eager Record of the Years Between 1860 and 1870 as They Were Lived in the Vicinity of the Little Town of Towanda, Pennsylvania; in the Field as a Rank and File Soldier in the Union Army; and Later in the Nation's Capital, by Lester Ward Who became the First Great Sociologist This Country Produced (1935)

مراجع ثانوية

• Bannister, Robert. Sociology and Scientism: The American Quest for Objectivity, 1880-1940 (1987), pp 13–31.
• Burnham, John C. "Lester Frank Ward as Natural Scientist," American Quarterly 1954 6#3 pp. 259–265 in JSTOR
• Chugerman, Samuel. Lester F. Ward, the American Aristotle: A Summary and Interpretation of His Sociology (Duke University Press, 1939)
• Fine, Sidney. Laissez Faire and the General-Welfare State: A Study of Conflict in American Thought, 1865-1901 (1956), pp 252–88
• Muccigrosso, Robert, ed. Research Guide to American Historical Biography (1988) 3:1570-4
• Nelson, Alvin F. "Lester Ward's Conception of the Nature of Science," Journal of the History of Ideas (1972) 33#4 pp. 633–638 in JSTOR
• Scott, Clifford H. Lester Frank Ward (1976)

وصلات هارجية

مراجع أساسية

• Guide to the Lester Frank Ward Collection, 1860-1913, Brown University Library Collections
• Guide to the Lester Frank Ward Papers, 1883-1919, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, the George Washington University

• Smithsonian Institution Archives. "Lester Frank Ward Papers, 1882–1913, with Related Materials to Circa 1965". http://collections.si.edu. Retrieved 23 August 2013. External link in |website= (help)

• Lester Ward (search of Archive.org). "Internet Archive Search: Ward, Lester". https://archive.org/. Retrieved 23 August 2013. External link in |website= (help)

مراجع ثانوية

• Ralf Schreyer. "Lester Frank Ward: Sociology - Primary Resources". http://www.geocities.ws/ralf_schreyer. Retrieved 23 August 2013. External link in |website= (help)
• The Sunday Review; Towanda, Pennsylvania
• Short biography
• A Lester Ward web site
• Public Sociology website
• Mansfield professor makes documentary on Lester Frank Ward