امبراطورية چالوكيا الغربية
امبراطورية چالوكيا الغربية
ಚಾಲುಕ್ಯ
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973–1189 | |||||||||||||
Extent of Western Chalukya Empire, 1121 CE
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المكانة | Empire (Subordinate to Rashtrakuta until 973) |
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العاصمة | Manyakheta, Basavakalyan | ||||||||||||
اللغات الشائعة | Kannada | ||||||||||||
الدين | الهندوسية | ||||||||||||
الحكومة | Monarchy | ||||||||||||
King | |||||||||||||
• 957 – 997 |
Tailapa II | ||||||||||||
• 1184 – 1189 |
سومشڤارا الرابع | ||||||||||||
التاريخ | |||||||||||||
• أول السجلات |
957 | ||||||||||||
• تأسست |
973 | ||||||||||||
• انحلت |
1189 | ||||||||||||
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امبراطورية چالوكيا الغربية Western Chalukya Empire حكمت معظم غرب الدكن، جنوب الهند، بين القرنين العاشر والثاني عشر. This Kannadiga dynasty is sometimes called the Kalyani Chalukya after its regal capital at Kalyani, today's Basavakalyan in Karnataka and alternatively the Later Chalukya from its theoretical relationship to the 6th-century Chalukya dynasty of Badami. The dynasty is called Western Chalukyas to differentiate from the contemporaneous Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi, a separate dynasty. Prior to the rise of these Chalukyas, the Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta controlled most of Deccan and Central India for over two centuries. In 973, seeing confusion in the Rashtrakuta empire after a successful invasion of their capital by the ruler of the Paramara dynasty of Malwa, Tailapa II, a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty ruling from Bijapur region defeated his overlords and made Manyakheta his capital. The dynasty quickly rose to power and grew into an empire under سومشڤارا الأول who moved the capital to Kalyani.
لأكثر من قرن، خاضت امبراطوريتا جنوب الهند، چالوكيا الغربية وأسرة چولا من تانجورى عدداً من الحروب المريرة للسيطرة على المنطقة الخصبة ڤنگي. During these conflicts, the Eastern Chalukyas of ڤنگي، distant cousins of the Western Chalukyas but related to the Cholas by marriage took sides with the Cholas further complicating the situation. During the rule of ڤيكراماديتيا السادس, in the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Western Chalukyas convincingly contended with the Cholas and reached a peak ruling territories that spread over most of the Deccan, between the Narmada River in the north and Kaveri River in the south. His exploits were not limited to the south for even as a prince, أثناء حكم سومشڤارا الأول، he had led successful military campaigns as far east as modern بيهار and Bengal. During this period the other major ruling families of the Deccan, the Hoysalas, the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, the Kakatiya dynasty and the Southern Kalachuris of Kalyani, were subordinates of the Western Chalukyas and gained their independence only when the power of the Chalukya waned during the later half of the 12th century.
The Western Chalukyas developed an architectural style known today as a transitional style, an architectural link between the style of the early Chalukya dynasty and that of the later Hoysala empire. Most of its monuments are in the districts bordering the Tungabhadra River in central Karnataka. Well known examples are the Kasivisvesvara Temple at Lakkundi, the Mallikarjuna Temple at Kuruvatti, the Kallesvara Temple at Bagali and the Mahadeva Temple at Itagi. This was an important period in the development of fine arts in Southern India, especially in literature as the Western Chalukya kings encouraged writers in the native language Kannada, and Sanskrit.
التاريخ
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الادارة
الاقتصاد
الثقافة
الدين
المجتمع
الأدب
العمارة
اللغة
انظر أيضاً
- راشتراكوتا
- أسرة چولا
- ڤيكراماديتيا السادس
- Kulothunga Chola I
- Balligavi
الهامش
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةconquer1
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةconquer
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةchopra
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةsen
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةsinha
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةbengal
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>
غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةchandra
المراجع
الخط
- Chopra, P.N.; Ravindran, T.K.; Subrahmanian, N (2003) [2003]. History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1. New Delhi: Chand Publications. ISBN .
- Cousens, Henry (1996) [1926]. The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese Districts. New Delhi: Archaeological Survey of India. OCLC 37526233.
- Davison-Jenkins, Dominic J. (2001). "Hydraulic works". In John M. Fritz and George Michell (editors) (ed.). New Light on Hampi : Recent Research at Vijayanagara. Mumbai: MARG. ISBN .CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
- Foekema, Gerard (1996). A Complete Guide To Hoysala Temples. New Delhi: Abhinav. ISBN .
- Hardy, Adam (1995) [1995]. Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation-The Karnata Dravida Tradition 7th to 13th Centuries. Abhinav Publications. ISBN .
- Houben, Jan E.M. (1996) [1996]. Ideology and Status of Sanskrit: Contributions to the History of the Sanskrit language. Brill. ISBN .
- Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041.
- Mack, Alexandra (2001). "The temple district of Vitthalapura". In John M. Fritz and George Michell (editors) (ed.). New Light on Hampi : Recent Research at Vijayanagara. Mumbai: MARG. ISBN .CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)
- Moraes, George M. (1990) [1931]. The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka. New Delhi, Madras: Asian Educational Services. ISBN .
- Narasimhacharya, R (1988) [1988]. History of Kannada Literature. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN .
- Pollock, Sheldon (2006) [2006]. The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN .
- Puranik, Siddya (1992). "Vachana literature (Kannada)". In Mohal Lal (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi. ISBN .
- Rice, E.P. (1982) [1921]. Kannada Literature. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. ISBN .
- Sastri, Nilakanta K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999) [1999]. Ancient Indian History and Civilization. New Age Publishers. ISBN .
- Thapar, Romila (2003) [2003]. The Penguin History of Early India. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN .
الوب
- Kamiya, Takeyo. "Architecture of Indian subcontinent". Indian Architecture. Gerard da Cunha. Retrieved 2006-12-31.
- Kamat, Jyotsna. "The Chalukyas of Kalyani". Dynasties of Deccan. Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 2006-12-31.
- "Indian Inscriptions, Vol 9,11,15,17,18,20". Archaeological Survey of India. What Is India Publishers (P) Ltd. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
- Githa U.B. "Balligavi - An important seat of learning". History of Indian Art. Chitralakshana.com 2002. Archived from the original on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2006-12-31.
- Gunther, Michael D. "Index IV, Late Chalukya". Monuments of India. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
- Kannikeswaran, K. "Kalyani Chalukyan temples". TempleNet. webmaster@templenet.com. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
- Prabhu, Govindaraya S. "Alupa Dynasty-catalogue". Prabhu's web page on Indian Coins. Archived from the original on 2006-08-15. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
- Prabhu, Govindaraya S. "Chalukya Dynasty-catalogue". Prabhu's web page on Indian Coins. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
- Rao, Kishan. "Emperor among Temples crying for attention". Southern States - Karnataka. The Hindu. Retrieved 2006-11-10.
نطقب:Historical places of Chalukyas
الممالك الوسطى في الهند | ||||||
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خط زمني والفترة التاريخية |
Northwestern India (پنجاب-ساپتا-سهندو) |
Indo-Gangetic Plain | الهند الوسطى | الهند الجنوبية | ||
Upper Gangetic Plain (كورو-Panchala) |
Middle Gangetic Plain
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Lower Gangetic Plain
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العصر الحديدي | ||||||
الثقافة | فترة الڤديك المتأخرة |
فترة الڤديك المتأخرة (Brahmin ideology) Painted Grey Ware culture |
فترة الڤديك المتأخرة (Kshatriya/Shramanic culture) Northern Black Polished Ware |
ما قبل التاريخ | ||
القرنستة ق.م. | گاندارا | كورو-Panchala | ماگادا | أديڤاسي (قبائل) | ||
الثقافة | التأثير الفارسي-اليوناني |
"التمدن الثاني" صعود الحركات الشرامانية |
ما قبل الهند | |||
القرنخمسة ق.م. | (الحكم الفارسي) | Shishunaga dynasty | أديڤاسي (قبائل) | |||
القرن أربعة ق.م. | (الغزوات اليونانية) | امبراطورية ناندا | ||||
العصر التاريخي | ||||||
الثقافة | انتشار البوذية | ما قبل التاريخ |
Sangam period (300 ق.م. – 200 م) |
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القرن ثلاثة ق.م. | امبراطورية مورايا |
Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam |
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الثقافة |
الهندوسية ما قبل الكلاسيكية - "Hindu Synthesis" (ca. 200 BC - 300 AD) الملاحم - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism |
Sangam period (استمرت) |
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القرن 2 ق.م. | المملكة الهندو-يونانية |
امبراطورية شونگا Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty |
Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 ممالك أخرى صغيرة في Ancient Thamizhagam |
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القرن 1 ق.م. | ||||||
القرن 1 م |
Indo-Scythians |
مملكة كونيندا | ||||
القرن 2 | امبراطورية كوشان | |||||
القرن 2 | المملكة الكوشانية الساسانية | امبراطورية كوشان | Western Satraps | Kamarupa kingdom |
Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) |
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الثقافة |
"العصر المضىي للهندوسية"(ح. 320-650 م) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism |
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القرن 4 | Kidarites |
Gupta Empire Varman dynasty |
Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty |
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القرن 5 | Hephthalite Empire | Alchon Huns |
Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) Vishnukundina |
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القرن 6 |
Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi |
Maitraka | Adivasi (tribes) |
Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) |
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الثقافة |
Late-Classical Hinduism (ح. 650-1100 م) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India |
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القرن 7 | Indo-Sassanids |
Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha |
Mlechchha dynasty | Adivasi (tribes) |
Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) Pandyan Kingdom(Revival) Pallava |
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القرن 8 | Kabul Shahi | Pala Empire |
Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri |
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القرن 9 | Gurjara-Pratihara |
Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas) Chera Perumals of Makkotai |
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القرن 10 | Ghaznavids |
Pala dynasty Kamboja-Pala dynasty |
Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta |
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المصادر
Sources
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