المعرض الوطني

المعرض الوطني
المعرض الوطني
	The Wilkins Building, with the church of St Martin-in-the-Fields to the right
Built	1832–8
Architect	William Wilkins
Architectural style(s)	Neoclassical
Listed Building – Grade I
	Official name: National Gallery
Designated	5 February 1970
Reference no.	1066236

	المعرض الوطني، ميدان ترافالگار.
	Location within وسط لندن
تأسس	1824; 196 years ago
المسقط	ميدان ترافالگار; لندن، WC2; المملكة المتحدة
الإحداثيات
الزائري	5,908,254 (2015) الثالث وطنياً; Ranked 11th globally;
المدير	گابريل فينالدي
المواصلات العامة	نطقب:Lus; Charing Cross; Detailed information below
المسقط الإلكتروني	nationalgallery.org.uk

المعرض الوطني National Gallery، هومتحف فن في ميدان ترافالگار، مدينة وستمنستر، وسط لندن. تأسس عام 1824، ويضم مجموعة لأكثر من 2.300 لوحة يرجع تاريخيها من أواسط القرن 13 حتى عام 1900.

التاريخ

الدعوة لتأسيس المعرض الوطني

The Raising of Lazarus by Sebastiano del Piombo, from the collection of John Julius Angerstein. This became the founding collection of the National Gallery in 1824. The painting has the accession number NG1, making it officially the first painting to enter the Gallery.

التأسيس والتاريخ المبكر

100 Pall Mall, the home of the National Gallery from 1824 to 1834

التطور تحت إدارة إيستلاك وخلفاؤه

The Baptism of Christ by Piero della Francesca, one of Eastlake's purchases

أوائل القرن 20

Venus at her Mirror (The Rokeby Venus) by Diego Velázquez

الحرب العالمية الثانية

Paintings being evacuated from the National Gallery during the Second World War

تطورات ما بعد الحرب

Titian’s Diana and Actaeon, bought in 2008, jointly with the National Gallery of Scotland

Titian’s Diana and Callisto, bought in 2012, jointly with the National Gallery of Scotland

فنانون مشاركون
Paula Rego	1989–1990
Ken Kiff	1991–1993
پيتر بلاك	1994–1996
Ana Maria Pacheco	1997–1999
Ron Mueck	2000–2002
John Virtue	2003–2005
أليسون واط	2006–2008
Michael Landy	2009–2013
جورج شاو	2014–

العمارة

مبنى وليام ويلكنز

The elevation onto Trafalgar Square in 2013
The piano nobile and ground floor of Wilkins's building, before expansion. Note the passageways behind the east and west porticoes. Areas shaded in pink were used by the Royal Academy until 1868.
Plan of the first floor of the National Gallery in 2013

التعديل والتوسع (پنثرون، باري وتايلور)

The Barry Rooms (1872–76), designed by Edward Middleton Barry
The dome of Room 34, the central octagon of the Barry Rooms
The Staircase Hall, designed by Sir John Taylor in 1884–7. Cimabue's Celebrated Madonna by Frederic, Lord Leighton is visible to the left.
The dome of the Staircase Hall

القرن 20: التحديث لقاء الاسترجاع

The Awakening of the Muses (1933), a mosaic by Boris Anrep.

جناح سانسبري والإضافات اللاحقة

The Sainsbury Wing, as built, seen from Trafalgar Square

The main enfilade of the Sainsbury Wing

جدل

The restoration of Titian's Bacchus and Ariadne from 1967 to 1968 was a controversial restoration at the National Gallery, due to concern that the painting's tonality had been thrown out of balance.

An 1847 Punch cartoon by John Leech depicting the restoration controversy then ongoing

George Bellows: Men of the Docks (1912)

قائمة مديري المعرض الوطني

الاسم	في المنصب
سير Charles Lock Eastlake	1855–1865
سير William Boxall	1866–1874
سير Frederick William Burton	1874–1894
سير Edward Poynter	1894–1904
سير Charles Holroyd	1906–1916
سير Charles Holmes	1916–1928
سير Augustus Daniel	1929–1933
سير Kenneth Clark	1934–1945
سير Philip Hendy	1946–1967
سير Martin Davies	1968–1973
سير Michael Levey	1973–1986
Neil MacGregor	1987–2002
Charles Saumarez Smith	2002–2007
سير Nicholas Penny	2008–2015
گابريل فينالدي	2015–

مجموعات مختارة

Jan van Eyck,
The Arnolfini Portrait
Leonardo da Vinci,
The Virgin of the Rocks
Hans Holbein,
The Ambassadors
J. M. W. Turner,
The Fighting Temeraire
Vincent van Gogh,
Sunflowers

English or French Medieval: The Wilton Diptych
Jan van Eyck: The Arnolfini Portrait
Pisanello: The Vision of Saint Eustace
Paolo Uccello: The Battle of San Romano, Saint George and the Dragon
Rogier van der Weyden: The Magdalen Reading
Masaccio: Madonna and Child
Dieric Bouts: The Entombment
Piero della Francesca: The Baptism of Christ
Antonello da Messina: Portrait of a Man, St Jerome in his Study
Giovanni Bellini: The Agony in the Garden, Madonna del Prato, Portrait of Doge Leonardo Loredan
Piero del Pollaiolo: The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian
Sandro Botticelli: Venus and Mars, The Mystical Nativity
Hieronymus Bosch: Christ Crowned with Thorns
Leonardo da Vinci: The Virgin of the Rocks, The Virgin and Child with St Anne and St John the Baptist
Albrecht Dürer, St Jerome in the Wilderness
Michelangelo: The Entombment, The Manchester Madonna
Jan Gossaert: The Adoration of the Kings
Raphael: The Aldobrandini Madonna, The Ansidei Madonna, Portrait of Pope Julius II, The Madonna of the Pinks, The Mond Crucifixion, Vision of a Knight
Titian: Allegory of Prudence, Bacchus and Ariadne, Diana and Actaeon, Diana and Callisto, The Death of Actaeon, A Man with a Quilted Sleeve, Portrait of the Vendramin Family
Hans Holbein the Younger: The Ambassadors
Parmigianino: Portrait of a Collector, The Vision of Saint Jerome
Agnolo Bronzino: Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time
Tintoretto: The Origin of the Milky Way
Pieter Bruegel the Elder: The Adoration of the Kings
Paolo Veronese: The Family of Darius before Alexander, The Conversion of Mary Magdalene, Adoration of the Magi
El Greco: Christ Driving the Money Changers from the Temple
Caravaggio: Boy Bitten by a Lizard, Supper at Emmaus, Salome with the Head of John the Baptist
Peter Paul Rubens: The Judgement of Paris
Nicolas Poussin: The Adoration of the Golden Calf
Diego Velázquez: Christ in the House of Martha and Mary, Philip IV in Brown and Silver, The Rokeby Venus
Anthony van Dyck: Equestrian Portrait of Charles I
Claude Lorrain: Seaport with the Embarkation of the Queen of Sheba
Rembrandt: Self-Portrait at the Age of 34, Belshazzar's Feast, Self-Portrait at the Age of 63
Johannes Vermeer: Lady Standing at a Virginal, Lady Seated at a Virginal
Meindert Hobbema: The Avenue at Middelharnis 1689
Canaletto: The Stonemason's Yard
William Hogarth: The Graham Children, Marriage à-la-mode
George Stubbs: Whistlejacket
Thomas Gainsborough: Mr and Mrs Andrews
Joseph Wright of Derby: An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump
Francisco Goya: Portrait of the Duke of Wellington
J. M. W. Turner: The Fighting Temeraire, Rain, Steam and Speed
John Constable: The Cornfield, The Hay Wain
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres: Madame Moitessier
Eugène Delacroix: Ovid among the Scythians
Edgar Degas: Miss La La at the Cirque Fernando, Young Spartans Exercising
Paul Cézanne: Les Grandes Baigneuses
Claude Monet: Snow at Argenteuil
Pierre-Auguste Renoir: The Umbrellas
Henri Rousseau: Tiger in a Tropical Storm (Surprised!)
Vincent van Gogh: Sunflowers, A Wheatfield with Cypresses
Georges Seurat: Bathers at Asnières

وسائل المواصلات

الخدمة	المحطة/الوقوف	الخطوط/الطرق	المسافة من المعرض الوطني
حافلات لندن	Trafalgar Square / Charing Cross Station	24, 29, 176
	Trafalgar Square	6, 9, 13, 15, 23, 139
	Trafalgar Square / Charing Cross Station	3, 12, 88, 159, 453
	Trafalgar Square	3, 6, 12, 13, 15, 23, 88, 139, 159, 453
London Underground	Charing Cross
London Underground	Embankment		0.3-mile walk
National Rail	Charing Cross		0.2-mile walk

انظر أيضاً

معرض ميكرو، تأسس عام 1991.
Doctor Who, "The Day of the Doctor", appeared in the 50th anniversary special in 2013.

الهوامش

a. Sculptures and applied art are in the Victoria and Albert Museum, the British Museum houses earlier art, non-Western art, prints and drawings, and art of a later date is at Tate Modern. Some British art is in the National Gallery, but the National Collection of British Art is mainly in Tate Britain.

b. St Martin's Workhouse (to the east) was cleared for the construction of E. M. Barry's extension, whereas St George's Barracks stayed until 1911, supposedly because of the need for troops to be at hand to quell disturbances in Trafalgar Square. (Conlin 2006, p. 401) Wilkins hoped for more land to the south, but was denied it as building there would have obscured the view of St Martin-in-the-Fields.

c. They are as follows: above the main entrance, a blank roundel (originally to feature the Duke of Wellington's face) flanked by two female figures (personifications of Europe and Asia/India, sites of his campaigns) and high up on the eastern façade, Minerva by John Flaxman, originally Britannia.

المصادر

الحواشي

^ "Visits made in 2015 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA". ALVA. Retrieved 9 March 2016.
^ Latest Visitor Figures, ALVA, 2014. Retrieved onعشرة July 2014.
^ Top 100 Art Museum Attendance, The Art Newspaper, 2014. Retrieved onعشرة July 2014.
^ نطقب:National Heritage List for England
^ Bomford 1997, p. 72
^
^

المراجع

Barker, Felix; Hyde, Ralph (1982), London As It Might Have Been, London: John Murray

Bomford, David (1997), Conservation of Paintings, London: National Gallery Company

Bosman, Suzanne (2008), The National Gallery in Wartime, London: National Gallery Company

Conlin, Jonathan (2006), The Nation's Mantelpiece: A History of the National Gallery, London: Pallas Athene

Crookham, Alan (2009), The National Gallery. An Illustrated History, London: National Gallery Company

Crookham, Alan (2012), "The Turner Bequest at the National Gallery", in Warrell, Ian, Turner Inspired: In the light of Claude, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, pp. 51–65

Gaskell, Ivan (2000), Vermeer's Wager: Speculations on Art History, Theory and Art Museums, London: Reaktion

Gentili, Augusto; Barcham, William; Whiteley, Linda (2000), Paintings in the National Gallery, London: Little, Brown & Co.

Jencks, Charles (1991), Post-Modern Triumphs in London, London and New York: Academy Editions, St. Martin's Press

Langmuir, Erika (2005), The National Gallery Companion Guide, London and New Haven: Yale University Press

Liscombe, R. W. (1980), William Wilkins, 1778–1839, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

MacGregor, Neil (2004), "A Pentecost in Trafalgar Square", in Cuno, James, Whose Muse? Art Museums and the Public Trust, Princeton and Cambridge: Princeton University Press and Harvard University Art Museums, pp. 27–49

Oliver, Lois (2004), Boris Anrep: The National Gallery Mosaics, London: National Gallery Company

Penny, Nicholas (2008), National Gallery Catalogues (new series): The Sixteenth Century Italian Paintings, Volume II, Venice 1540–1600, London: National Gallery Publications Ltd, ISBN 1-85709-913-3

Pevsner, Nikolaus; Bradley, Simon (2003), The Buildings of England London 6: Westminster, London and New Haven: Yale University Press

Potterton, Homan (1977), The National Gallery, London, London: Thames & Hudson

Smith, Charles Saumarez (2009), The National Gallery: A Short History, London: Frances Lincoln Limited

Spalding, Frances (1998), The Tate: A History, London: Tate Gallery Publishing

Summerson, John (1962), Georgian London, London: Penguin

Taylor, Brandon (1999), Art for the Nation: Exhibitions and the London Public, 1747–2001, Manchester: Manchester University Press

Walden, Sarah (2004), The Ravished Image: An Introduction to the Art of Picture Restoration & Its Risks, London: Gibson Square

Whitehead, Christopher (2005), The Public Art Museum in Nineteenth Century Britain, Farnham: Ashgate Publishing