كيم إريك دريكسلر (ولد 25 أبريل، 1955 في أوكلاند، كاليفورنيا) إلى أميريكى مهندس معروف بتبسيط مضمون محتوى التقنية النانوية الجزيئية (MNT), للعامة وللجمهور (بداية من 1970s و1980s. وأطروحته 1991 لرسالة الدكتوراة في معهد MIT قد روجعت ونشرت فى ك اريك DREXLER هوباحث ومؤلف ، والداعى إلى سياسة هجرز على التكنولوجيات الناشئة وعواقبها بالنسبة للمستقبل. انه صاحب دراسات رائدة في أنظمة النانوالإنتاجية ومنتجاتها (التي لا تزال نظرية المجال أصلا وتعهد "بتكنولوجيا النانو"). له الكثير من المنشورات التقنية في هذا الموضوع وكذلك الخط بما فيها محركات خلق : العصر المقبل من تقنية النانو، والذى كان أول من عرض المفاهيم الأساسية لعامة الجمهور ، عن أنظمة النانو : الجزيئية والماكينات والتصنيع ، والحساب ، والفيزياء التطبيقية - تحليل الانتاجية المتقدمة لأنظمة النانو. وهوحاليا رئيس المستشارين الفنيين للNanorex ، وهي شركة تطوير برمجيات لتصميم ومحاكاة الأنظمة الجزيئية الآلية. في عام 1991 حصل على درجة الدكتوراه في مجال تكنولوجيا النانوالجزيئية من معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا ، ودرجة الاولى من نوعها. وهويقيم في لوس ألتوس في كاليفورنيا مع زوجته وانغ روزا.

the book "" (1992), which received the Association of American Publishers award for Best Computer Science Book of 1992. He also coined the term grey goo.

الحياة والنشاط

اريك Drexler جدا تتأثر بشدة على الأفكار حدود النموفي أوائل 1970s. رده في السنة الأولى من عمله في معهد ماساتشوستس للتكنولوجيا وكان البحث عن إنسان يعمل على موارد من خارج. عثر الدكتور جيرار اونيل ك [[جامعة برينستون] ، عالم الفيزياء الشهير لهجريز قوي على تسريع الجزيئات . particle accelerators وكان محور عمله يهجرز في إستعمار الفضاء. وإنخرط دريكسلر في دراسات صيفية لوكالة ناسا الفضائية في 1975 و1976. بالإضافة إلى عمله صيفا في مبنى أونيل mass driver النسخة الأولية, وقد أبرز عدة أوراق عن الثلاث مؤتمرات الأولى عن التصنيع الفضائى في برنستون . في 1977 و1979 تشارك معه في تلك الأبحاث مع كيث هينسون, وحررت البراءات في كلا الموضوعين, التصنيع في الطور المتبخر والمشعات الفضائية.

شارك دركسلر في دراسات ناسا الصيفية في 1975 و1976. وقد خلق أغشية معدنية سمكها عدة عشرات من النانومترات على نادىمة من الشمع لكى يستعرض أمكانيات الأشرعة الشمسية عالية الكفاءة . وهويعد فعالا في السياسات الفضائية, وأسدى مساعدة L5 Society لإبطال معاهدة القمر في عام 1980.

During the late 1970s, he began to develop ideas about molecular nanotechnology (MNT). In 1979, Drexler encountered Richard Feynman's provocative 1959 talk There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom. The term nanotechnology was coined by the Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi in 1974 to describe the precision manufacture of materials with nanometer tolerances, and was unknowingly appropriated by Drexler in his 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology to describe what later became known as molecular nanotechnology (MNT). In that book, he proposed the idea of a nanoscale "assembler" which would be able to build a copy of itself and of other items of arbitrary complexity. He also first published the term "grey goo" to describe what might happen if a hypothetical self-replicating molecular nanotechnology went out of control.

Drexler holds three degrees from MIT [1]. He received his S.B. in Interdisciplinary Sciences in 1977 and his S.M. in 1979 in Astro/Aerospace Engineering with a Master's thesis titled "Design of a High Performance Solar Sail System,." In 1991 he earned a Ph.D. under the auspices of the MIT Media Lab (formally, the Media Arts and Sciences Section, School of Architecture and Planning). His Ph.D. work was the first doctoral degree on the topic of molecular nanotechnology and (after some editing) his thesis, "Molecular Machinery and Manufacturing with Applications to Computation," was published as "Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing and Computation" (1992), which received the Association of American Publishers award for Best Computer Science Book of 1992.

Drexler and Christine Peterson, at that time husband and wife, founded the Foresight Institute in 1986 with the mission of "Preparing for nanotechnology.” Drexler and Peterson ended their 21-year marriage in 2002. Drexler is no longer a member of the Foresight Institute.

In August 2005 Drexler joined Nanorex, a molecular engineering software company based in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, to serve as the company's Chief Technical Advisor.[2][3] Nanorex's nanoENGINEER-1 software was reportedly able to simulate a hypothetical differential gear design in "a snap". According to Nanorex's web site, an open source molecular design program is currently slated for release in Fall 2007.

In 2006, Drexler married Rosa Wang, a former investment banker who works with Ashoka: Innovators for the Public on improving the social capital markets.

الإنتقادات

وقد لقيت جهود دركسلر في مجال تكنولوجيا النانوإنتقادات لكونها مملة من قبل حائز لجائزة نوبل ريتشارد سماللى في 2001 مجلة العلوم الأميريكيةفى منطق. قرر سماللى حتى "fat fingers" made MNT impossible. He later argued that nanomachines would have to resemble chemical enzymes more than Drexler's assemblers and could only work in water. Drexler maintained that both were straw man arguments, and in the case of enzymes, Prof. Klibanov wrote in 1994, "...using an enzyme in organic solvents eliminates several obstacles. . . " [4]) Drexler had difficulty in getting Smalley to respond, but in December 2003, Chemical and Engineering news carried a أربعة part debate. [5]

One of the barriers to achieving molecular nanotechnology is the lack of an efficient way to create machines on a molecular/atomic scale. One of Drexler's early ideas was an "assembler," a nanomachine that would comprise an arm and a computer that could be programmed to build more nanomachines. If an assembler could be built, it might then build a copy of itself, and thus potentially be useful for efficient mass production of nanomachines. But the lack of a way to first build an assembler remains the sine qua non obstacle to achieving this vision.

A second difficulty in reaching molecular nanotechnology is design. Hand design of a gear or bearing at the level of atoms is a grueling task. While Drexler, Merkle and others have created a few designs of simple parts, no comprehensive design effort for anything approaching the complexity of a Model T Ford has been attempted.

A third difficulty in achieving molecular technology is separating successful trials from failures, and elucidating the failure mechanisms of the failures. Unlike Darwinian evolution, which proceeds by random variations in ensembles of organisms combined with deterministic reproduction/extinction as a selection process to achieve great complexity after billions of years (a set of mechanisms that Richard Dawkins has referred to as a "blind watchmaker"), deliberate design and building of nanoscale mechanisms requires a means other than reproduction/extinction to winnow successes from failures. Such means are difficult to provide (and presently non-existent) for anything other than small assemblages of atoms viewable by an AFM or STM.

Thus, even in the latest report A Matter of Size: Triennial Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative put out by the National Academies Press in December 2006, (roughly twenty years after Engines of Creation was published) no clear way forward toward molecular nanotechnology is seen, as per the conclusion on page 108 of that report: "Although theoretical calculations can be made today, the eventually attainable range of chemical reaction cycles, error rates, speed of operation, and thermodynamic efficiencies of such bottom-up manufacturing systems cannot be reliably predicted at this time. Thus, the eventually attainable perfection and complexity of manufactured products, while they can be calculated in theory, cannot be predicted with confidence. Finally, the optimum research paths that might lead to systems which greatly exceed the thermodynamic efficiencies and other capabilities of biological systems cannot be reliably predicted at this time. Research funding that is based on the ability of investigators to produce experimental demonstrations that link to abstract models and guide long-term vision is most appropriate to achieve this goal."

Books by Eric Drexler

• Engines of Creation (1986)
  • Available online at e-drexler.com
  • Available online in Russian as МАШИНЫ СОЗДАНИЯ: Грядущая эра нанотехнологии
  • Available online in Chinese as 创造的发动机
  • Available online in Italian as MOTORI DI CREAZIONE: L’era prossima della nanotecnologia
• Unbounding the Future (1991; with Chris Peterson and Gayle Pergamit) (ISBN 0-688-12573-5)
  • Available online at Unbounding the Future: the Nanotechnology Revolution
• (1992)
  • Sample chapters and a table of contents are available online at e.drexler.com
• Engines of Creation 2.0: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology - Updated and Expanded, K. Eric Drexler, 647 pages, (February 2007) - illustrated pdf edition, free download

Books and articles about Eric Drexler

• Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition by Ed Regis. ISBN 0-201-56751-2
• Nano: The Emerging Science of Nanotechnology by Ed Regis. ISBN 0-316-73852-2
• "The Creator": Interview with Eric Drexler by Michael Berry
• Interview by Anthony B. Perkins August 1, 1995
• "The Incredible Shrinking Man: K. Eric Drexler was the godfather of nanotechnology. But the MIT prodigy who dreamed up molecular machines was shoved aside by big science - and now he's an industry outcast." Ed Regis, Wired Magazine, Issue 12.10, October 2004

In science fiction

Drexler is mentioned in the science fiction book The Diamond Age as one of the heroes of a future world where nanotechnology is ubiquitous.

In the science fiction novel Newton's Wake by Ken Macleod a 'drexler' is a nanotech assembler of pretty much anything that can fit in the volume of the particular machine - socks to starships.

Drexler is also mentioned in the science fiction book Decipher by Stel Pavlou, his book is mentioned as one of the starting points of the nanomachine construction, as well as giving a better understanding of the way carbon 60 was to be applied.

James Rollins references Drexler's Engines of Creation in his novel Excavation, using his theory of a molecular machine in two sections as a possible explanation for the mysterious "Substance Z" in the story.

انظر أيضاً

• Foresight Institute (Drexler is no longer with Foresight Institute)
• Robert Freitas - Nanomedicine advocate
• Ralph Merkle - nanotechnologist
• Richard Feynman - physicist
• Gerard O'Neill - space advocate

وصلات خارجية

• e-drexler.com, Drexler's own web site, includes:
  • Biography
  • Publications
  • Technology Roadmap for Productive Nanosystems
• Who's Who in the Nanospace