الامبراطور وومن هان
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الامبراطور وومن هان (30 يونيو156 ق.م. – 29 مارس 87 ق.م.)، وُلِد بإسم ليوتشى، اسم التبجيل تونگ، كان سابع أباطرة أسرة هان في الصين، وحكم من 141–87 ق.م.
استمر حكم الامبراطور وو54 عاماً — a record that was not broken until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor more than 1,800 years later. His reign resulted in vast territorial expansion, development of a strong and centralized state resulting from his governmental re-organization, including his promotion of Confucian doctrines. In the field of historical social and cultural studies, Emperor Wu is known for his religious innovations and patronage of the poetic and musical arts, including development of the imperial Music Bureau into a prestigious entity. It was also during his reign that cultural contact with غرب أوراسيا was greatly increased, directly or indirectly. Many new crops and other items were introduced to China during his reign.
كمسـَيـِّر لحملات عسكرية، فقد وسّع الامبراطور ووصين الهان إلى أقصى اتساع لها، فقد امتدت حدود الامبراطورية من قيرغيزستان الحالية في الغرب، وإلى كوريا في الشرق، وإلى شمال ڤيتنام في الجنوب. Emperor Wu successfully repelled the nomadic Xiongnu from systematically raiding northern China, and dispatched his envoy Zhang Qian في 139 ق.م. سعياً لتحالف مع Yuezhi في اوزبكستان الحالية. This resulted in further missions to آسيا الوسطى. Although historical records do not describe him to be aware of Buddhism, emphasizing rather his interest in shamanism, the cultural exchanges that occurred as a consequence of these embassies suggest that he received Buddhist statues from Central Asia, as depicted in the murals found in the كهوف موگاو.
While establishing an autocratic and centralized state, Emperor Wu adopted the principles of الكونفوشية as the state philosophy and code of ethics for his empire and started a school to teach future administrators the الكلاسيكيات الكونفوشية. These reforms had an enduring effect throughout the existence of imperial China and an enormous influence on neighboring civilizations. Emperor Wu was also known for his employment of shaman advisers, and for various religious and cultural changes with historical significance of a less directly obvious nature.
التوسع الامبراطوري
فتح الجنوب
After the death of Grand Empress Dowager Dou in 135 ق.م., Emperor Wu had full control of the government. While his mother, Empress Dowager Wang, and his uncle Tian Fen were still influential, they lacked the ability to restrain the Emperor's actions.
Emperor Wu began a military campaign of territorial expansion, nearly destroying his empire, in the early part of the process. Reacting to border incursions by sending out the troops, Emperor Wu sent his armies in all directions but the sea.
فتح مينيوى
فتح نانيوى
الحرب ضد السهوب الشمالية
غزوشبه الجزيرة الكورية
الدبلوماسية والاستكشاف
الدين
المحسوبية في الداخل
المزيد من التوسع الإقليمي، كبر العمر والپارانويا
ثورة ولي العهد جو
أواخر عهده ووفاته
ذكراه
شعر
التصوير الثقافي
معلومات عائلية
- الأب
- Emperor Jing of Han (عاشر ابن)
- الأم
- Empress Wang of Jing (孝景王皇后)
- الأشقاء
- Princess Pingyang (平陽公主), also known as Eldest Princess Yangxin (陽信長公主) before marriage to Cao Shi (曹時), the Marquess of Pingyang
- Princess Nangong (南宮公主)
- Princess Longlü (隆慮公主)
- الزوجات:
- الامبراطورة تشن (陳皇后)، أطيح بها في 130 ق.م. بتهمة السحر
- Empress Wei Zifu (衛子夫), mother of Eldest Princess Wei, Princess Zhuyi, Princess Shiyi and Crown Prince Liu Ju, committed suicide 91 ق.م. after Liu Ju's failed uprising, posthumously made Wei Si Hou of Wu (孝武衛思后) by her great-grandson Emperor Xuan of Han
- الجواري:
- Consort Wang (王夫人), mother of Prince Hong
- Lady Li (李姬), mother of Prince Dan and Prince Xu
- Consort Li (李夫人), mother of Prince Bo, posthumously made Empress Wu (孝武皇后) by Huo Guang
- Lady Yin (尹婕妤), also known as Consort Yin (尹夫人)
- Lady Xing (邢娙娥), also known as Consort Xing (邢夫人)
- Lady Zhao (趙婕妤), mother of Liu Fuling, also known as Consort Fist (拳夫人) or Consort Hook (鉤弋夫人), executed/انتحار اجباري 88 ق.م., posthumously made Empress Dowager Zhao (趙太后) by her son Emperor Zhao
- الأنجال
- Eldest Princess Wei (衛長公主), also known as Princess Dangli (當利公主)
- Princess Zhuyi (諸邑公主)، أُعدِم في 91 ق.م.
- Princess Shiyi (石邑公主)
- Liu Ju (劉據, b. 128 ق.م., d. 91 ق.م.), also known as Crown Prince Wei (衛太子, made as such 122 ق.م.) or posthumously Crown Prince Li (戾太子), committed suicide 91 ق.م. after being framed and forced into failed uprising
- Princess Yangshi (陽石公主), executed 91 ق.م.
- Princess Yi'an (夷安公主), married to her cousin Chen Yu (陳豫), Lord Zhaoping (昭平君) and son of Emperor Wu's sister Princess Longlü
- Princess Eyi (鄂邑公主), later made Eldest Princess Gai (蓋長公主) after Emperor Zhao's ascension to throne, committed suicide 80 ق.م. after conspiring with Prince Dan, Shangguan Jie (Empress Shangguan's grandfather) and Sang Hongyang in a failed coup against Emperor Zhao and Huo Guang
- Liu Hong (劉閎), Prince Huai of Qi (齊懷王, made prince in 117 ق.م., d. 109 ق.م.)
- Liu Dan (劉旦), Prince La of Yan (燕刺王, made prince in 117 ق.م.), committed suicide 80 ق.م. after failed coup against Emperor Zhao and Huo Guang
- Liu Xu (劉胥), Prince Li of Guangling (廣陵厲王, made prince in 117 ق.م.), committed suicide 53 ق.م.
- Liu Bo (劉髆), Prince Ai of Changyi (昌邑哀王, made prince in 97 ق.م., d. 86 ق.م.)
- Liu Fuling (劉弗陵), later Emperor Zhao of Han (b. 94 ق.م., d. 74 ق.م.)
- الأحفاد
- Liu Jin (劉進), also known as Prince Grandson Shi (史皇孫), son to Liu Ju and father to Liu Bingyi, killed 91 ق.م.
- Liu He (劉賀, b. 92 ق.م., d. 59 ق.م.), the Prince of Changyi (昌邑王) and the son to Liu Bo, ascended to throne 74 ق.م. and deposed 27 days later for committing 1,127 misconducts, later made the Marquess of Haihun (海昏侯, made prince in 63 ق.م.) by Emperor Xuan
- أبناء الأحفاد
- Liu Bingyi (劉病已), son of Liu Jin, originally known as Prince Great-Grandson (皇曾孫), later renamed to Liu Xun (劉詢) after ascension to throne 74 ق.م. as Emperor Xuan of Han (b. 91 ق.م., d. 49 ق.م.)
السلف
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أسماء عصوره
- Jianyuan (建元 py. jiàn yuán) 140 ق.م. – 135 ق.م.
- Yuanguang (元光 py. yuán guāng) 134 ق.م. – 129 ق.م.
- Yuanshuo (元朔 py. yuán shuò) 128 ق.م. – 123 ق.م.
- Yuanshou (元狩 py. yuán shòu) 122 ق.م. – 117 ق.م.
- Yuanding (元鼎 py. yuán dĭng) 116 ق.م. – 111 ق.م.
- Yuanfeng (元封 py. yuán fēng) 110 ق.م. – 105 ق.م.
- Taichu (太初 py. tài chū) 104 ق.م. – 101 ق.م.
- Tianhan (天漢 py. tiān hàn) 100 ق.م. – 97 ق.م.
- Taishi (太始 py. tài shĭ) 96 ق.م. – 93 ق.م.
- Zhenghe (征和 py. zhēng hé) 92 ق.م. – 89 ق.م.
- Houyuan (後元 py. hòu yuán) 88 ق.م. – 87 ق.م.
الملاحظات
- ^ Had his name changed into the more suitable Che when he was officially made crown prince in April 150 ق.م..
- ^ Literally meaning "martial".
- ^ Literally meaning "filial and martial".
الهامش
-
^ This courtesy name is reported by Xun Yue(荀悅) (148–209),
the author of Records of the Han Dynasty (漢紀), but other sources
do not mention a courtesy name. - ^ Pollard, Elizabeth (2015). Worlds Together Worlds Apart. 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10110: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p. 238. ISBN .
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةPaludan, 37 - ^ However, note that there is no historical record of Emperor Wu actually being aware of Buddhism. The first confirmed contact between a Chinese emperor and Buddhist doctrines would not happen until a century later, during the reign of Emperor Ming. Zizhi Tongjian, vol. 45.
المراجع
- Ban Gu. Han Shu: Biography of Han Wudi.
- Barfield, Thomas J. (2001). "The Shadow Empires: Imperial State Formation Along the Chinese-Nomad Frontier". Empires: Perspectives from Archaeology and History. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Birrell, Anne (1988). Popular Songs and Ballads of Han China. (London: Unwin Hyman). ISBN 0-04-440037-3
- Cosmo, Nicola Di (1999). "The Northern Frontier in Pre-Imperial China". The Cambridge History of Ancient China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Cosmo, Nicola Di (2002). Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Hawkes, David, translator and introduction (2011 [1985]). Qu Yuan et al., The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044375-2
- Morton, W. Scott. China: "Its History and Culture". ISBN .
- Rexroth, Kenneth (1970). Love and the Turning Year: One Hundred More Poems from the Chinese. New York: New Directions.
- Paludan, Ann (1998). Chronicle of the Chinese Emperors: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial China. New York, New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05090-2
- Sima Guang. Zizhi Tongjian (Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government): Modern Chinese Edition edited by Bo Yang (Taipei, 1982–1989).
- Sima Qian. Shi Ji (Historical Records" or Records of the Grand Historian): Biography of Han Wudi.
- Tucker, Spencer C.; et al. (2010). A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. ISBN .
- Watson, Burton (1971). CHINESE LYRICISM: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century. (New York: Columbia University Press). ISBN 0-231-03464-4
- Wu, John C. H. (1972). The Four Seasons of Tang Poetry. Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle. ISBN 978-0804801973
- Yap, Joseph P. (2009). Wars With The Xiongnu, A Translation from Zizhi tongjian. AuthorHouse, Bloomington, Indiana, U.S.A. ISBN 978-1-4490-0604-4. Chapters 3–7.
- Yü, Ying-shih (1986). "Han Foreign Relations". The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. - A.D. 220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Xun Yue. Han Ji: [1]
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Emperor Wu of Han
House of Liu
وُلِد: 156 ق.م. توفي: 86 ق.م.
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| ألقاب ملكية | ||
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| سبقه Emperor Jing of Han |
Emperor of China Western Han 141–87 ق.م. |
تبعه Emperor Zhao of Han |
