تبنين Tebnine
مدينة
منظر القرية من القلعة الصليبية في 1969
تبنين المسقط في لبنان
الإحداثيات:
المسقط الشبكي	188/288 PAL
البلد	لبنان
المحافظة	محافظة النبطية
القضاء	قضاء بنت جبيل
أعلى ارتفاع	800 m (2٬600 ft)
أوطى ارتفاع	700 m (2٬300 ft)
منطقة التوقيت	EET (التوقيت العالمي المنسق+2)
• الصيفي	EEST (UTC+3)
Dialing code	+961 (07)

تبنين هي احدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء بنت جبيل في محافظة النبطية. إذا شهرة هذه البلدة اللبنانية تاريخيا ارتبطت بشكلٍ أساسيٍ بقلعتها التى بناها الآراميون في منتصف القرن التاسع قبل الميلاد، بأمر من حزائيل بن بنجدد عام 1850 ق.ب.

التسمية

إسم "تبنين" آرامي ويعني "البناء المُشيّد". وعهدت أيضا بإسم "طورون" و"طور".

جغرافيتها

تبعد تبنين 110 وقع جنوبي العاصمة بيروت. وتبعد 30حدث شرق مدينة صور. ويبلغ عدد السكان في البلدة نحو15 ألف نسمةٍ بقي منهم اليوم حوالي 4000 نسمة ُمقيمين والباقي يتوزّع بين العاصمة بيروت وبلدان الإغتراب.

تعتبر الينابيع في بلدة تبنين من الثروات الفيّاضة التي أصبحت مقصدًا لأهل المنطقة، وأهم هذه الينابيع: عين المزراب، عين الحور، عين الوردة، عين الخان.

تاريخها

تعرّضت القلعة عام 680 ق.م في عهد سنحريب الآشوري للدمار. وفي مطلع 582 ق.م حاصرها نبوخذنصر الكلداني أثناء تقدّم قوّاته باتّجاه صور. وأعيد ترميم القلعة في العصر الروماني، وأُهملت في العصر البيزنطي. واحتلها الصليبيين في عام 1099م. وأعاد بناءها سنة 1105م "هيودى سان أومير" لتكون معقلاً ينطلق منه في شنّ هجماته على صور وناحيتها الشّرقية، وذلك نظرًا لبروز هذا المكان وعلوّه وإشرافه على ما حوله من سهولٍ وبطاح. ثم توفي في مناوشة بالقرب من دمشق. In early 1107, Izz al-Mulk, Sunni governor of Tyre, raided the village and massacred its inhabitants. King Baldwin I of Jerusalem named of his knights whose first name was "Onfroi" or "Henfred" to be the new lord of Tebnine. Humphrey I of Toron started the dynasty at Tebnine in 1107, most of what we know of the man comes from chroniclers of the era who never mention his origin or last name. He took the name of the castle that he was entrusted and his offsprings after all carried the surname "De Toron". It is not hard to guess on the identity of Humphrey the first as chroniclers only mention two knights with that name who participated in the First Crusade: "Humfroy De Montcayeux" and "Humfroy fils de Raoul". The locals enjoyed a rather stable and semiautonomous life under Frankish rule as noted by Ibn Jubair in 1185: "The Muslim population between Tibnine and the coast enjoyed considerable rights of self-administration and enjoyment of their own customs". British historian Jonathan Riley-Smith mentions that the customs house below the castle levied no duty on merchants travelling with Ibn Jubair because they were travelling towards the port of Acre, and hence concluded that King Baldwin III's officials were stationed there, even though the fortress was not in his royal domain, this meant that Tibnin was an important stop on the roads between Tyre, Damascus and Jerusalem. The fertile land of Tibnin made it one of the granaries of the Crusader kingdom, and under Humphrey III of Toron, the lordship had its own coinage: Forged from red copper and stamped "CASTRI TORONI".

وبعد حتى كانت قلعة تبنين مركز الثّقل عند الإفرنج في هجماتهم على صور، عادت كذلك عند العرب بعد جلاء الصليبيين عنها وتحصّنهم بصور.

وكانت تبنين في تلك العهود مُلتقى القوافل الكبرى من دمشق إلى السّواحل. وكانت تنازعها بذلك مدينة طبريا الفلسطينية نظرًا لقصر الطريق مع وعورتها في الأولى، وطول الطّريق مع سهولتها في الثانية.

الفترة الصليبية المتأخرة (1187-1266)

بعد معركة حطين في 1187، لم ير صلاح الدين تهديداً من جيش صليبي في المستقبل المنظور وأوفد ابن أخيه القائد العبقري المظفر عمر, north to besiege the castle of Toron for three days. Toron's garrison was cut off,weak, and unprepared with no leader as its lord Humphrey of Toron was captured at Hattin. Soon the Frankish nobles conceded the surrender of the castle, and Saladin allowed them five days to make a safe passage to Tyre with their fortunes and families. Muslim prisoners were freed and many of the crusaders were taken hostage.

Subsequently, Saladin asked his nephew to rebuild the castle and El-Seid tribesmen who were direct descendants of the Prophet Mohammad and who were trusted confidantes to Saladin, allowed other tribesmen of Fawaz tribe, adepts of Sufism to live in the Land of Tibnine.

On the 28th of November 1197, while most of Syria expected the amalgamate of crusaders from the Duchy of Brabant, German forces, and knights of the king Amalric II of Jerusalem to head towards Jerusalem or Damascus, the crusaders laid siege to the castle of Tibnine to give Christian Tyr a breathing space. The siege was carried out with great energy and as the Christian forces managed to dig a small hole in the great walls of the castle, the Muslim garrison feared a fate like that of معرة النعمان which was still fresh in the memory of Syrians, and offered to surrender. Despite the mild objections of the ruler of Tebnine (حسام الدين بشارة), representatives of the families of Tebnine came down the hilly side of the castle to the Frankish camp and asked for safety (Al-Aman) in exchange for the liberation of 500 Christian slaves. Ibn-Athir, the famous Arab historian, winks that a lot of the rumors circulating in Tebnine about what the crusaders would do if the castle was taken by assault, came from none other than other Frankish lords who were not very happy to see a successful campaign led by king Amalric II of Jerusalem, added to the fact that most of them had forged alliances with the sultan Al-Kamil of Egypt and were in no hurry to see it obliterated over some revolting massacres committed in Tebnine. The Germans would hear of no surrender. Tebnine promised pillage and fortune as well as glory to the knights who will return it to hand of the Christians. Chronicler Ernoul describes how the crusaders refused the Muslim offer and admits that it was a mistake not to accept the honorable offer of surrender. Their arrogance made them parade the messengers in front of the secret dig that the crusaders were working under the wall of the castle. Tebnine's garrison was more resolved to resist than ever. It was indeed the site of that dig that witnessed the fiercest fight that day. The warriors of Tebnine fought so ferociously that the dig was rendered useless, and the crusaders forced to retreat from their attack. The siege continued, and the besieged thought that another offer to capitulate, made from a stronger position, would yield a more positive outcome. Once more, representatives of Tebnine families carried the offer of surrender as long as their lives are spared, and once more the response was less than polite from the German chancellor. When the messengers were back in the castle, they informed the garrison of the insulting reception that they received from the Franks, and the will to fight was again strong. Towards the evening, carrier pigeons brought news of reinforcements on the way dispatched by the sultan Al-Kamil. In February 1198, under the threat of the looming Ayyubid army, and the war of succession in Germany between Philip of Swabia and Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, the German forces ended the siege of Tibnine when the Chancellor and his princes abandoned their men to their fate outside the gates of Toron, as described by Helmold von Bosau. And so, it was at the walls of Tibnine that the German crusade of 1197 ended in disgrace.

In 1229, under the pressure of king Frederick II's Sixth Crusade, Egyptians sultan الملك الكامل who was Saladin's brother, returned the Seigneurie (lordship) of تورون (تبنين) to the Franks. This placed the lordship of Tibnin in the hands of the French Baron Philip of Montfort, who arrived in Upper Galilee as one of the few knights to make it to the Holy Land in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade, which had been initially launched under the leadership of Theobald of Champagne and had ended by conquering Constantinople. Montfort married Maria of Antioch-Armenia, the last remaining heiress to the Toron family, and seized the riches of Tibnin and its castle and imposed a tax on caravans using the spring beneath the castle. It was from Tibnin that Philip of Montfort would contemplate ways to seize Tyre from the hands of Richard Filangieri, who was the confidant of Frederick II.

After the conquest by the Mamluk Sultan Baibars in 1266, the Fawaz and Sayed families were entrusted with the defense of the land.

النزاع الإسرائيلي-اللبناني

During the war between Israel and Lebanon in July 2006, like other villages, Tebnine had many homes destroyed but not of the magnitude of villages مثل بنت جبيل وقانا وعيتا الشعب.

In the old center (Zakouk), located in the upper part of town near The Crusader Castle, most of the homes are completely destroyed or damaged.

For the first time since the civil war in 1975, The Lebanese Army has returned to South Lebanon including Tebnine as one of the conditions of UN Resolution 1701.

المعالم والآثار

مهرجان تراث تبنين

In 2012, funding from the E.U. allowed Tebnine to celebrate its Heritage Festival in the old Castle, where lighting had been refurbished by the French troops of يونيفيل.

القلعة الصليبية

Hugh of Saint Omer (also known as Hugh of Falkenberg), the second prince of Galilee and governor of Tiberias, organized many attacks against Tyre but his forces were always tired by the long distance between his base in Tiberias and his coastal target. He ordered the construction of the castle in 1105 to have a refuge against his pursuers. It was named Toron, which in old French meant isolated or peaking hill.

أبرز أبنائها

• نبيه بري

المراجع