جمهورية سيينا
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جمهورية سيينا
Repubblica di Siena
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| القرن 11–1555 | |||||||||
الفهم
Coat of arms
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إيطاليا، وجمهورية سيينا، في نهاية القرن 15
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| العاصمة | سيينا | ||||||||
| اللغات الشائعة | التوسكانية، اللاتينية، الإيطالية | ||||||||
| الحكومة | جمهورية | ||||||||
| دوگه | |||||||||
| التاريخ | |||||||||
• تأسست |
القرن 11 | ||||||||
• انحلت |
1555 | ||||||||
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جمهورية سيينا (بالايطالية: Repubblica di Siena) كانت دولة تتمركز في مدينة سيينا في توسكانيا، بوسط إيطاليا.
تواجدت لأكثر من أربعمائة سنة، من أواخر القرن الحادي العشر حتى سنة 1555. في الحرب الإيطالية، انهزمت الجمهورية على يد غريمتها دوقية فلورنسا المتحالفة مع التاج الاسباني. بعد 18 شهر من المقاومة، استسلمت جمهورية سيينا لإسپانيا في 17 أبريل 1555، لتنتهي الجمهورية.
التاريخ
الأصول
أقدم الأسر الأرستقراطية في سيينا يعود نسبها إلى استسلام اللومبارد في 774 لـشارلمان. وعند تلك النقطة، غمرت المدينة جحافل من النظار الفرنجة الذين تزوجوا من العائلات النبيلة السيينية، مخلفين ذكرى يمكن مشاهدتها حتى اليوم في الأبرشيات التي أسسوها في أراتى الأراضي السيينية. إلا حتى نفوذ الاقطاع ما لبث حتى خفت، وبوفاة الكونتسة ماتيلدا في 1115 انقسمت تخوم ماركة توشيا التي كانت تحت سيطرة عائلتها، كانوسا، إلى عدة مناطق ذاتية الحكم.
النمو
The Battle of Montaperti
In the 13th century, Siena was predominantly Ghibelline, in opposition to Florence's Guelph position (this conflict formed the backdrop for some of Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, completed in 1320).
الاضطراب السياسي
نهاية الجمهورية
الأراضي
Siena possessed most of the modern day provinces of Grosseto and Siena in the region of Tuscany in central Italy, including a coastline on the Tyrrhenian Sea. A notable exception is the hill town of Montepulciano 70 km southeast of Siena, which was claimed by the neighbouring Florence, and was a constant source of hostility between the two city-states. In the mid-16th century the Republic's territory had an area of approximately 8,000 km2 and a population of 80,000, including some 15,000 living in the town of Siena.
الثقافة
الفن
العمارة
الأسوار
جامعة سيينا
تأريخ
| الحكم | سنوات النشاط | الوصف |
| قنصلي | 1125-1199 | When ruled by a bishop, the elected consuls would represent the nobles, as well as the people. As episcopal power declined, theirs grew until 1167, when episcopal rule was expelled. The consuls continued to rule until a new government was deemed necessary. |
| Podestà | 1199-1234 | A Podestà was an executive elected by the people as an absolute ruler. |
| Ventiquattro (24) | 1234-1270 | Siena replaced its Podestà government with that of a council of elected officials. The number of officials fluctuated throughout the years, as shown by this chart. |
| Trentasei (36) | 1270-1280 | |
| Quindici (15) | 1280-1286 | |
| Nove (9) | 1286-1355 | |
| Dodici (12) | 1355-1385 | |
| Quindici (15) | 1385 | |
| Priori | 1385-1399 | The council of the Priori was established in an attempt to stabilize the government and compete with Florence. It failed, however, with the number of Priors constantly fluctuating and Florence continuing its aggression. |
| Visconti lordship | 1399-1404 | The Priors of Siena gave the city's command to the House of Visconti to protect it from Florence. |
| Priori | 1404-1487 | With the House of Visconti expelled, the people set up another Priori government, this time withعشرة Priors. Unlike the former Priori government, this one was stable. |
| Petrucci lordship | 1487-1525 | The House of Petrucci gathered a great deal of influence and became quasi-rulers of the city-state until 1500, when Pandolfo Petrucci seized control of the city completely. Petrucci rule was a stable and prosperous time for Siena. |
| Priori | 1525-1548 | A Priori government was installed in an attempt to bring stability back to Siena, which it never did. |
| Spanish Lordship | 1548-1552 | Taking advantage of the chaotic political situation, Spain sent a garrison to take control of the city |
| Capitano del Popolo | 1552-1555 | To protect the city, the people empowered a single ruler, the Capitano del Popolo, or Captain of the People. |
| جمهورية سيينا في مونتالچينو | 1555-1559 | Following the conquering of Siena, the noble families held out at مونتالچينو. |
الأعمال
In 1472 the Republic founded the Monte dei Paschi, a bank that is still active today and is the oldest surviving bank in the world.
انظر أيضاً
- دوقية توسكانيا العظمى
- Timeline of Siena history
