پاريس الكبرى

Métropole du Grand Paris
Métropole du Grand Paris
البلد	فرنسا
المنطقة	إيل دوفرانس
عدد البلدات	131
تأسس	1 يناير 2016
المقر	پاريس
المساحة
• الإجمالية	814 كم² (314 ميل²)
التعداد(2014)
• الإجمالي	7٬068٬810
• الكثافة	8٬700/km2 (22٬000/sq mi)
المسقط الإلكتروني	metropolegrandparis.fr

Métropole du Grand Paris (بالفرنسية: [metʁopɔl dy ɡʁɑ̃ paʁi], meaning roughly "Metropolis of Greater Paris") is an administrative structure for cooperation covering the City of Paris and its nearest suburbs that surround it. The métropole came into existence on January 1, 2016 and comprises 131 communes. It includes the City of Paris, all 123 communes in the surrounding inner-suburban departments of the Petite Couronne (Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne), plus seven communes in two of the outer-suburban departments, including the communes of Argenteuil in Val-d'Oise, and Paray-Vieille-Poste in Essonne, the latter of which covers part of Orly airport. Part of the métropole comprised the Seine department, which existed from 1929 to 1968. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometers and has a population ofسبعة million.

The Métropole is administered by a Metropolitan Council of 210 members, not directly elected, but chosen by the councils of the member Communes. Its responsibilities include urban planning, housing, and protection of the environment.

The Métropole du Grand Paris should not be confused with the Grand Paris Express, a new transportation system being developed independently to connect the Departments in the Paris suburbs.

التاريخ

The idea of Greater Paris was originally proposed by former French President Nicolas Sarkozy as "a new global plan for the Paris metropolitan region" It first led to a new transportation master plan for the Paris region and to plans to develop several areas around Paris. The "Métropole du Grand Paris" was defined by the law of 27 January 2014 on the modernization of public territorial action and affirmation of cities as part of Act III of decentralization. The plans were considerably modified in December 2015, and the passage into action in two competences, economic development and protection of the environment, was delayed from 2016 to 2017.

الأهداف

The original plan for the Métropole declared these objectives; "The Métropole of Grand Paris is established in order to define and implement metropolitan action to improve the quality of life of its residents, reduce inequalities between regions within it, to develop an urban, social and economic sustainability model, tools to improve attractiveness and competitiveness for the benefit of the entire national territory. The Métropole of Grand Paris is developing a metropolitan project. The residents are associated with its development according to the guidelines determined by the metropolitan council as laid down by the development council. This metropolitan project defines the general guidelines of the policy pursued by the Métropole of Grand Paris. It forms part of the implementation of the overall scheme of the Ile-de-France region. It includes a general, social, economic and environmental analysis of the metropolitan area, the strategic guidelines for the development of the metropolis as well as priority areas for intervention. The Metro project can be developed with the support of the Land and Technical Agency of the Paris Region, the International Workshop on Greater Paris, the Urban Planning Agencies and any other useful body. "^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

نقد

The way Le Grand Paris has been handled was criticized by the architects themselves, especially by Jean Nouvel who wrote several virulent editorials against the Minister in charge of Le Grand Paris until June 2010, Christian Blanc.

Politically, the President of the Île-de-France region, Jean-Paul Huchon and the Mayor of Paris, Bertrand Delanoë, both members of the French Socialist Party opposed the initiatives taken by the national government, which they said were in contradiction with the devolution of urban planning matters to local governments. In October 2011, Delanoë stated that the President "is trying to claim for himself an urban dynamic begun long ago by the local governments". Although Huchon had reached an agreement with the national government earlier in the year on the transportation network, he also declared that Grand Paris "is not a generic term to cover everything that is going on on the territory of the Île-de-France region (...) and even less a national certificate created to relabel local policies that were already in existence." Political opposition was also strong from the Green Party (Europe Écologie), led in the Île-de-France region by Cécile Duflot.

البلدات

The Métropole du Grand Paris consists of the following 131 communes:

Ablon-sur-Seine
Alfortville
Antony
Arcueil
Argenteuil
Asnières-sur-Seine
Athis-Mons
Aubervilliers
Aulnay-sous-Bois
Bagneux
Bagnolet
Le Blanc-Mesnil
Bobigny
Bois-Colombes
Boissy-Saint-Léger
Bondy
Bonneuil-sur-Marne
Boulogne-Billancourt
Le Bourget
Bourg-la-Reine
Bry-sur-Marne
Cachan
Champigny-sur-Marne
Charenton-le-Pont
Châtenay-Malabry
Châtillon
Chaville
Chennevières-sur-Marne
Chevilly-Larue
Choisy-le-Roi
Clamart
Clichy
Clichy-sous-Bois
Colombes
Coubron
Courbevoie
La Courneuve
Créteil
Drancy
Dugny
Épinay-sur-Seine
Fontenay-aux-Roses
Fontenay-sous-Bois
Fresnes
Gagny
Garches
La Garenne-Colombes
Gennevilliers
Gentilly
Gournay-sur-Marne
L'Haÿ-les-Roses
L'Île-Saint-Denis
Issy-les-Moulineaux
Ivry-sur-Seine
Joinville-le-Pont
Juvisy-sur-Orge
Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
Les Lilas
Levallois-Perret
Limeil-Brévannes
Livry-Gargan
Maisons-Alfort
Malakoff
Mandres-les-Roses
Marnes-la-Coquette
Marolles-en-Brie
Meudon
Montfermeil
Montreuil
Montrouge
Morangis
Nanterre
Neuilly-Plaisance
Neuilly-sur-Marne
Neuilly-sur-Seine
Nogent-sur-Marne
Noiseau
Noisy-le-Grand
Noisy-le-Sec
Orly
Ormesson-sur-Marne
Pantin
Paray-Vieille-Poste
Paris
Les Pavillons-sous-Bois
Périgny
Le Perreux-sur-Marne
Pierrefitte-sur-Seine
Le Plessis-Robinson
Le Plessis-Trévise
Le Pré-Saint-Gervais
Puteaux
La Queue-en-Brie
Le Raincy
Romainville
Rosny-sous-Bois
Rueil-Malmaison
Rungis
Saint-Cloud
Saint-Denis
Saint-Mandé
Saint-Maur-des-Fossés
Saint-Maurice
Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine
Santeny
Savigny-sur-Orge
Sceaux
Sevran
Sèvres
Stains
Sucy-en-Brie
Suresnes
Thiais
Tremblay-en-France
Valenton
Vanves
Vaucresson
Vaujours
Villecresnes
Ville-d'Avray
Villejuif
Villemomble
Villeneuve-la-Garenne
Villeneuve-le-Roi
Villeneuve-Saint-Georges
Villepinte
Villetaneuse
Villiers-sur-Marne
Vincennes
Viry-Châtillon
Vitry-sur-Seine

انظر أيضاً

Grand Paris (project)
Grand Paris Express
Paris Metropolitan Area
إيل دوفرانس

ملاحظات

^ There is no official or widely-used English translation yet.

المراجع

^ "Décret n° 2015-1212 du 30 septembre 2015 constatant le périmètre fixant le siège et désignant le comptable public de la métropole du Grand Paris | Legifrance". Retrieved 2017-06-28.
^ "The Metropole of Grand Paris a mastodon ofسبعة million persons" (in الفرنسية). Le Parisien. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
^ BANATIC, Périmètre des EPCI à fiscalité propre. Accessed 2017-06-28.
^ (2007-09-17). Retrieved on 2011-10-28.
^ Jean Nouvel (2010-05-19). "Mais enfin, Monsieur Blanc!". Le Monde.
^ Sibylle Vincendon (2011-10-11). "Pour Delanoë, Sarkozy n'est pas propriétaire du Grand Paris!". Libération. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
^ INSEE