الأبجدية الهجرية

الأبجدية الهجرية المستخدمة حاليا هي أبجدية لاتينية تستخدم في كتابة اللغة الهجرية ، ومكتشف اللغة الهجرية الحديثة هوالأرمني هاكوب مارتايان. وتتألف من 29 حرفاً، سبعةٌ منها (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş, and Ü) قد تم تعديلها من أصول لاتينية وفقا للمتطلبات الصوتية في اللغة. تم اختراع هذه الأبجدية واعتمادها في القرن العشرين بالتزامن مع صعود وفوز القومية الهجرية الغربية.

هذه الأبجدية هي لفظية تقريبا وهوما يعني أننا يمكننا لفظها بقرائتها فقط، ولكن يوجد بعض المخالفات والحالات الشاذة.

الحروف

اللغة الهجرية تحوي 29 حرفا وهي:

Capital letters
A	B	C	Ç	D	E	F	G	Ğ	H	I	İ	J	K	L	M	N	O	Ö	P	R	S	Ş	T	U	Ü	V	Y	Z
Lower case letters
a	b	c	ç	d	e	f	g	ğ	h	ı	i	j	k	l	m	n	o	ö	p	r	s	ş	t	u	ü	v	y	z

Of these 29 letters, eight are vowels (A, E, I, İ, O, Ö, U, Ü); the other 21 are consonants.

الأصوات

Turkish orthography is highly regular and a word's pronunciation is always completely identified by its spelling. The following table presents the Turkish letters, the sounds they correspond to in International Phonetic Alphabet and how these can be approximated more or less by an English speaker.

الهجرية		IPA	الإنگليزية approximation	Turkish		IPA	الإنگليزية approximation
A	a	/a/	As a in father	M	m	/m/	As m in man
B	b	/b/	As b in boy	N	n	/n/	As n in nice
C	c	/d͡ʒ/	As j in joy	O	o	/o/	As o in more
Ç	ç	/t͡ʃ/	As ch in chair	Ö	ö	/ø/	As ur in nurse, with lips rounded
D	d	/d/	As d in dog	P	p	/p/	As p in pin
E	e	/e/	As e in red	R	r	/ɾ/	As tt in better
F	f	/f/	As f in far	S	s	/s/	As s in song
G	g	/ɡ/, /ɟ/	As g in got	Ş	ş	/ʃ/	As sh in show
Ğ	ğ	/ː/, /‿/, /j/		T	t	/t/	As t in tick
H	h	/h/	As h in hot	U	u	/u/	As oo in zoo
I	ı	/ɯ/	As e in open	Ü	ü	/y/	As u in cute
İ	i	/i/	As ee in feet	V	v	/v/	As v in vat
J	j	/ʒ/	As s in measure	Y	y	/j/	As y in yes
K	k	/k/, /c/	As k in kit	Z	z	/z/	As za in zigzag
L	l	/ɫ/, /l/	As l in love

^ /e/ is realized as [æ] in some cases before coda /m, n, l, r/. E.g. gelmek [ɡæɫˈmec], but gel [ˈɟɛl].
^ The alveolar tap /ɾ/ doesn't exist as a separate phoneme in English, though a similar sound appears in words like butter in a number of dialects.
^ In native Turkic words, the velar consonants /k, ɡ/ are palatalized to [c, ɟ] when adjacent to the front vowels /e, i, ø, y/. Similarly, the consonant /l/ is realized as a clear or light [[[Error using {{IPAsym : IPA symbol "l̠" not found in list|l]]] next to front vowels (including word finally), and as a velarized [[[Error using {{IPAsym : IPA symbol "ɫ̪" not found in list|ɫ]]] next to the central and back vowels /a, ɯ, o, u/. These alternations are not indicated orthographically: the same letters 〈k〉, 〈g〉, and 〈l〉 are used for both pronunciations. In foreign borrowings and proper nouns, however, these distinct realizations of /k, ɡ, l/ are contrastive. In particular, [c, ɟ] and clear [[[Error using {{IPAsym : IPA symbol "l̠" not found in list|l]]] are sometimes found in conjunction with the vowels [a] and [u]. This pronunciation can be indicated by adding a circumflex accent over the vowel: e.g. gâvur ('infidel'), mahkûm ('condemned'), lâzım ('necessary'), although this diacritic's usage has been increasingly archaic.
^ 1 – Before a vowel: ‿ or [j] as sandhi^[] for back vowels and front vowels, respectively, in the standard dialect. That is Erdoğan /ˈeɾdo‿an/ and değil [ˈdejil]. 2 – In other cases: Lengthening of the preceding vowel. E.g. bağ [ˈbaː]. ثلاثة – There is also a rare, dialectal occurrence of [ɰ], in Eastern and lower Ankara dialects.

المصادر

^ Zürcher, Erik Jan. Turkey: a modern history, p. 188. I.B.Tauris, 2004. نطقب:ردمك
^ Gürçağlar, Şehnaz Tahir. The politics and poetics of translation in Turkey, 1923-1960, pp. 53-54. Rodopi, 2008. نطقب:ردمك