Marie de France was a medieval poet who was probably born in France and lived in إنگلترة during the late 12th century، وازدهرت في الفترة 1160-1210. She lived and wrote at an undisclosed court, but was almost certainly at least known about at the royal court of King Henry II of England. Virtually nothing is known of her life; both her given name and its geographical specification come from her manuscripts, though one contemporary reference to her work and popularity remains. وتنتمي ماري دى فرانس إلى جيل من المؤلفين صوّروا أدب غراميات البلاط، مستخدمين أساطير بريتونية شفوية، أُطلِق عليها "مادة بريطانيا Matière de Bretagne". وهي أول إمرأة تقرض الشعر بالفرنسية.

Marie de France wrote a form of Anglo-Norman French, and was evidently proficient in Latin and الإنگليزية as well. She is the author of the Lais of Marie de France. She translated Aesop's Fables from Middle English into Anglo-Norman French and wrote Espurgatoire seint Partiz, Legend of the Purgatory of St. Patrick, based upon a Latin text. Recently she has been (tentatively) identified as the author of a saint's life, The Life of Saint Audrey. Her Lais in particular were and still are widely read, and influenced the subsequent development of the romance genre.

حياتها وأعمالها

The actual name of the author known to us as Marie de France is unknown; she has acquired this nom de plume from a line in one of her published works: "Marie ai num, si sui de France," which translates as "My name is Marie, and I am from France." Some of the most commonly proposed suggestions for the identity of this twelfth-century poet are: Marie, Abbess of Shaftesbury and half-sister to Henry II, King of England; Marie, Abbess of Reading; Marie I of Boulogne; Marie, Abbess of Barking; and Marie de Meulan, wife of Hugh Talbot.

لاي بريتوني

Breton lais were certainly in existence before Marie de France chose to recast the themes she heard from Breton minstrels into poetic narratives in Anglo-Norman verse, but she may have been the first to present a "new genre of the lai in narrative form." The lais of Marie de France had a huge impact on the literary world. They were considered a new type of literary technique derived from classical rhetoric and imbued with such detail that they became a new form of art. Marie may have filled her detailed poems with imagery so that her audience would easily remember them. Her lais range in length from 118 (Chevrefoil) to 1,184 lines (Eliduc), frequently describe courtly love entangled in love triangles involving loss and adventure, and "often take up aspects of the merveilleux, and at times intrusions from the fairy world." The setting for Marie's lais is the Celtic world, embracing England, Wales, Ireland, Brittany and Normandy

Only five manuscripts containing some or all of Marie’s lais now exist, and the only one to include the general prologue and all twelve lais is British Library MS Harley 978. This may be contrasted with the twenty-five manuscripts with Marie's Fables, perhaps reflecting their relative popularity in the late Middle Ages. Nevertheless, Marie's lais have received much more critical attention in recent times.

مثال

وكانت كتابات المخترعين تتخذ صور القصص الشعرية، Ballade والأغاني الشعرية lai، والتحدث بأعمال الأبطال Chanson de geste، والقصص الغرامية. وقد وصلت إلينا نماذج جميلة من الأغاني الشعرية من قول محررة تدعى إنجلترا وفرنسا كلتاهما أنها أول شاعراتها العظيمات. فقد انتقلت ماري دى فرانس Marie de France (ماريا الفرنسية) من بريتاني لتعيش في إنجلترا في أيام هنري الثاني (1154-1189). وأشار عليها حتى تصوغ عدداً من أقاصيص البريطانيين شعراً، فعملت وخلعت عليها من طلاوة اللفظ وقوة العاطفة ما لم يفقها فيهما أي شاعر من شعراء الفروسية الغزلين. وخليق بإحدى قصائدها العاطفية حتى تحتل مكاناً في صفحات هذا الكتاب، هي جديرة به، لموضوعها غير العادي - حديث المحبوبة الحية إلى حبيبها الميت:

انظر أيضاً

• Tristan and Iseult

الهامش

ببليوگرافيا

• Blain, Virginia, et al. "Marie de France," The Feminist Companion to Literature in English (Yale UP, 1990, 714).
• Bloch, R. Howard. The Anonymous Marie de France. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press, 2003.
• Brown, Mary Ellen, et al. Encyclopedia of Folklore and Literature. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 1998. Print.
• Burgess, Glyn Sheridan, and Keith Busby, 1986. The Lais of Marie de France. Translated into Modern English prose with an introduction. Penguin Books Limited.
• Burgess, Glyn Sheridan (1987). . Manchester UP. ISBN .
• Butterfield, Ardis, 2009. England and France. In: Brown, Peter (Ed), 2009. A Companion to Medieval English Literature and Culture c.1350–c.1500. Wiley-Blackwell. Part IV: Encounters with Other Cultures, pp 199–214.
• Calabrese, Michael, 2007. Controlling Space and Secrets in the Lais of Marie de France. In: Place, Space, and Landscape in Medieval Narrative. Knoxville: U of Tennessee P, pp 79–106. Rpt. in Classical and Medieval Literature Criticism. Ed. Jelena O. Krstovic. Vol. 111. Detroit: Gale, 2009. Literature Resource Center. Web. 28 Sept. 2010.
• Gallagher, Edward J., ed. and trans. The Lays of Marie de France, Translated, with Introduction and Commentary. Hackett: Indianapolis, 2010.
• Kibler, William W. and Grover A. Zinn. Medieval France: An Encyclopedia. New York: Garland, 1995.
• Kinoshita, Sharon, Peggy McCracken. Marie de France: A Critical Companion. Woodbridge, D.S.Brewer, 2012 (Gallica).
• Kunitz, Stanley J., and Vineta Colby. European Authors 1000-1900 A Biographical Dictionary of European Literature. New York: The H.W. Wilson Company. 1967. 604–5. Print.
• McCash, June Hall, La Vie seinte Audree, A Fourth Text by Marie de France. (July 2002): 744-777.
• Mickel, Emanuel J. Jr. Marie de France. New York: Twayne, 1974. Print.
• Watt, Diane, . Polity, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7456-3256-8.
• Whalen, Logan E. (2008). . Catholic U of America P. ISBN .

وصلات خارجية

• أعمال من Marie de France في مشروع گوتنبرگ
• خطأ لوا في وحدة:Internet_Archive على السطر 573: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
• Works by ماري دى فرانس at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• International Marie de France Society
• Le Cygne, Journal of Anglo-Norman Studies published by the International Marie de France Society
• Complete bibliography of her works, including secondary literature (Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge, Arlima)
•  [[wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Marie de France "Marie de France]"] Check value (help). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.
• Roles of Women in the Middle Ages