جزر ساموا

Samoan Islands
الاسم المحلي: مـُتوأوساموا Motu o Sāmoa
	أعلى: جزيرة أُلُسـِگا في مجموعة مانوآ، جزر ساموا الشرقية. أسفل: خريطة جزر ساموا
الجغرافيا
المسقط	پولينزيا
المساحة	3,030 kم2 (1,170 ميل2)
أعلى منسوب	1٬858 m (6٬096 ft)
أعلى نقطة	ماوگا سيليسيلي
الإدارة
	ساموا
أكبر مستوطنة	آپيا (pop. 38,800)
	ساموا الأمريكية
أكبر مستوطنة	تافونا (pop. 9,756)
الديمغرافيا
التعداد	249,839 (2012)

للاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر ساموا (توضيح).

جزر ساموا Samoan Islands هي أرخبيل يغطي مساحة 3030 كم² في وسط جنوب الهادي، مشكلاً جزءاً من پولينزيا والمنطقة الأوسع أوقيانوسيا. إدارياً، فإن الأرخبيل يتكون من جميع ساموا ومعظم ساموا الأمريكية (عدا جزيرة سوينز، التي هي جزء من جزر توكلاو). الكيانان الساموائيان يفصلهما 64 كم من المحيط.

تعداد جزر ساموا يناهز 250,000 نسمة، ويتقاسمون لغة مشهجرة، الساموائية، وثقافة مشهجرة، تُعهد بإسم فآ ساموا وصيغة محلية من الحوكمة، تُدعى فآمتاي.

معظم أهالي ساموا هم أنقياء الدم وهم أحد أكبر التجمعات السكانية Polynesian في العالم.

أقدم الأدلة على نشاط بشري في جزر ساموا تعود إلى حوالي 1050 ق.م. وتلك تأتي من مسقط لاپيتا في رصيف موليفانوا في جزيرة أوپـُلو.

في 1768، زار الجزر الشرقية المستكشف الفرنسي بوگان‌ڤيل، الذي سماهم جزر الملاح Navigator Islands، وهوالاسم الذي استخدمه المبشرون حتى حوالي عام 1845 وفي النشرات الأوروپية الرسمية حتى حوالي 1870.

ساموا وساموا الأمريكية

سفن حربية ألمانية وبريطانية وأمريكية في مرفأ آپيا، 1899.

Politically the two jurisdictions of the Samoa Islands are;

ساموا, an independent nation, situated at the western half of the islands, gained political independence in 1962 (2,831 kم² (3.047×10¹⁰ قدم²) and 185,000 inhabitants). وكانت تُعهد سابقاً بإسم ساموا الألمانية (1900–1914) وساموا الغربية (حتى 1997).
- Capital Apia, currency Samoan tala.
ساموا الأمريكية, an unincorporated territory of the الولايات المتحدة consisting of the islands to the east (199 kم² (2.14×10⁹ قدم²) and 65,000 inhabitants).
- Capital Pago Pago, currency US dollar

التقسيم السياسي

In the late 1800s, rivalry between the الولايات المتحدة, Germany, and the United Kingdom resulted in the Tripartite Convention (1899) that formally partitioned the Samoan archipelago into a German colony (German Samoa) and a United States territory (American Samoa). Forerunners to the Tripartite Convention of 1899 were the Washington Conference of 1887, the Treaty of Berlin of 1889, and the Anglo-German Agreement on Samoa of 1899. New Zealand occupied the German colony through 1920, then governed the western islands until independence in 1962 as a (1) League of Nations Class C Mandate and (2) United Nations Trust Territory after 1946. The pro-independence Mau movement across the islands eventually led to the political independence of the western islands from New Zealand in 1962 while the eastern islands, American Samoa, remains a political territory of the United States.

الجزر

ساموا

خريطة ساموا

Upolu, population 143,418 (2011), most populous island in the group.
Savai'i, population 43,142 (2006), largest landmass and most western in the group, most recent volcanic eruptions Mt Matavanu (1905–1911); Mata o le Afi (1902); Mauga Afi (approximately 1725).
Manono, population 889 (2006)
Apolima, population 75 (2006)
Fanuatapu, uninhabited, volcanic tuff ring.
Namua, uninhabited, has beach fale accommodation for visitors, viewed from Lalomanu beach.
Nu'ulopa, uninhabited, lies in the Apolima Strait between Upolu and Savai'i.
Nu'ulua, uninhabited, volcanic tuff ring, land area 25 هكتارs (62 أكرs), conservation habitat for endemic native birdlife.
Nu'usafe'e, uninhabited, tiny rocky islet off the south coast of Upolu by the village of Poutasi.
Nu'utele, uninhabited, volcanic tuff ring, conservation for native birdlife, also viewed from popular Lalomanu beach.

The islands of Manono, Apolima and Nu'ulopa lie in the Apolima Strait between Upolu and Savai'i. The four small uninhabited islands Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, Namua and Fanuatapu are situated off the east coast of Upolu and comprise the Aleipata Islands.

ساموا الأمريكية

خريطة ساموا الأمريكية

Tutuila, population 55,876 (2000 census), main island in the territory.
Aunu'u, population 476 (2000 census), located south east of Tutuila.
Ta'ū, population 873 (2000 census), largest island in Manu'a Group
Ofu‑Olosega, volcanic doublet encompassing Ofu (population 289, census 2000) and Olosega (population 216, census 2000), in the Manu'a Group of islands.
Rose Atoll also known as Motu o Manu, conservation habitat for native birdlife, marine life, green turtle and endangered hawksbill turtle.
Swains Island, population 17 (2010 census), politically administered by American Samoa but culturally part of Tokelau, copra plantation.

المسقط

Young man dressed as a manaia, the son of a Samoan chief (), circa 1890–1910. (photo by Thomas Andrew)

The islands are approximately 800 kم (500 ميل) from Fiji, 530 kم (330 ميل) from Tonga, 2,900 kم (1,800 ميل) from New Zealand, and 4,000 kم (2,500 ميل) from Hawaii, U.S.A.

The islands lies between 13° and 14° south latitude and 169° and 173° west longitude, about 480 kم (300 ميل) from west to east.

The larger islands are volcanic in origin, mountainous, and covered in tropical moist forest. Some of the smaller islands are coral atolls with black sand beaches.

أعلى نقاط

The highest peak is Mt. Silisili, on the island of Savai'i, one of the highest peaks in Polynesia at 1,858 م (6,096 قدم). The highest point in American Samoa is on Ta’u, Lata Mountain, at 966 م (3,169 قدم).

الكتلة الأرضية

The two large islands of Upolu and Savai'i in Samoa, are among the largest of Polynesian islands, at 1,718 kم² (663 ميل²) and 1,125 kم² (434 ميل²), respectively, exceeded in size only by the two main islands of Fiji and the Hawaiian islands of Hawaiʻi and Maui. The island of Upolu is more populated than Savai'i.

The next largest island is Tutuila, where the city and harbor Pago Pago (population 3,519 in 1990) is located. Tutuila is much smaller than Upolu and Savai‘i at 136.2 kم² (52.6 ميل²) in area, but it is the largest island in American Samoa. The highest peak on Tutuila is Matafao Peak.

Smaller islands in the archipelago include the three islets (Manono Island, Apolima and Nu'ulopa) in the Apolima Strait between Savai'i and Upolu; the four Aleipata Islands off the eastern end of Upolu (Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, Namua, and Fanuatapu); and Nu‘usafe‘e.Aunu'u is a small island off the eastern end of Tutuila. To the east of Tutuila, the Manu'a group comprises Ofu, Olosega, and Ta’u. An uninhabited coral atoll, Rose Atoll, is the southernmost point in the territory of the United States. Another coral atoll, Swains Island, is within the territory of American Samoa but is geographically distant from the Samoan archipelago.

الجيولوجيا

Diagram showing how islands are formed by hotspots

A possible model for the formation of the volcanic Samoa island chain is explained by the Samoa hotspot situated at the east end of the Samoa Islands. In theory, the Samoa hotspot is a result of the Pacific Tectonic Plate moving over a 'fixed' deep and narrow mantle plume spewing up through the Earth's crust. The Samoa islands generally lie in a straight line, east to west, in the same direction the Plate is moving. In the classic hotspot model, primarily based on studies of the Hawaii hotspot, the volcanic islands and seamounts further away from the Samoa hotspot should be progressively older. However, Savai'i, the most western of the Samoa island chain, and Ta'u Island, the most eastern of the Samoa islands, both erupted in the last century, data which is an enigma for scientists. Another discrepancy in the data from the Samoa islands is that subaerial rock samples from Savai'i, the most western of the islands, were too young by several million years to fit the classic hotspot model of age progression in an island chain, raising arguments among scientists that the Samoa islands does not have a plume origin. The nearness of the island chain to the Tonga Trench at the south became a possible explanation for these discrepancies as well as the possibility that the islands were formed by magma seeping through cracks in stressed fracture zones. However, in 2005, an international team gathered further submarine samples from the deep flanks and rifts of Savai'i. Tests on these later samples showed much older ages, about five million years old, that fit the hotspot model.

زلزال وتسونامي ساموا 2009

Tonga Trench south of the Samoa Islands and north of New Zealand.

The 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami killed more than 170 people in the Samoa Islands and Tonga. The M8.1 submarine earthquake took place in the region at 06:48:11 local time on September 29, 2009 (17:48:11 UTC, September 29), followed by smaller aftershocks. It was the largest earthquake of 2009. The quake occurred on the outer rise of the Kermadec-Tonga Subduction Zone. This is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, where tectonic plates in the Earth's lithosphere meet and earthquakes and volcanic activity are common.

الجبل البحري ڤايلولوؤ

الجبل البحري ڤايلولوؤ، البركان الغاطس النشط، يقع على بعد 45 كم شرق تاؤوفي ساموا الأمريكية. It was discovered in 1975 and has since been studied by an international team of scientists, contributing towards understanding of the Earth's fundamental processes. Growing inside the summit crater of Va'ilulu'u is an active underwater volcanic cone, named after Samoa's goddess of war, Nafanua.

المناخ

The climate is tropical, with a rainy season from November to April. The island group is frequently hit by tropical cyclones between December and March, due to its positioning in the South Pacific Ocean.

معرض صور

Samoa Islands
Mt Matavanu volcanic eruption on Savai'i island, 1905
Afono village, Tutuila island, American Samoa.
Aunu'u island, offshore of the island of Tutuila, American Samoa
A beach on Ofu-Olosega, a volcanic doublet in the Manu'a Group of islands.
Fuipisia waterfall in Lotofaga, Upolu island.

انظر أيضاً

آثار ساموا
عمارة ساموا
Coming of Age in Samoa
First Samoan Civil War
Geography of Samoa
Samoan culture
Samoan language
Samoans
Second Samoan Civil War
Siege of Apia
Tokelauan language closely belonging to the group of Samoic languages, it is the same, derived from Samoan.
Tuvaluan language belonging to the group of Samoic languages, and is closely related to Samoan.
Samoan unification

الهامش

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^ Hart, S.R., Koppers, A. A.; Russell, J. A.; Staudigel, H. (2006). "New 40Ar/39Ar Ages for Savai'i Island Reinstate Samoa as a Hotspot Trail with a Linear Age Progression". The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006, abstract #V34B-02. Bibcode:2006AGUFM.V34B..02K. Missing or empty |url= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
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