قائمة حائزي جائزة نوبل في الأدب
هوراس إنگدال، الأمين الدائم السابق للأكاديمية السويدية، يعلن حتى جان-ماري گوستاڤ لوكليزيوفاز بجائزة نوبل في الأدب لعام 2008
تمنح جائزة نوبل للأداب سنوياً من قبل الأكاديمية السويدية، لأي مؤلف من أية دولة على حتىقد يكون لديه حسب قول ألفريد نوبل "إنتاج أكثر الأعمال روعة لنزعة مثالية"، العمل بهذا الشكل يشير إلى عمل المؤلف ككل ، ومع ذلك أعمال الأفراد تذكر ويشاد بها أحياناً، الأكاديمية السويدية تقرر من، لوأية شخص، سيتسلم الجائزة في أي سنة محددة، ويعلن الشخص المختار في أوائل أكتوبر من جميع عام. المرة الولى لجائزة نوبل احدثت جدال واسع في بلدها الأصل السويد .حيث حتى الحدثة idealisk تعني idealistic ممضى مثالى وideal مثالي ، في سنوات مبكرة قررت اللجنة السويدية الألتزام بالمعنى الأقرب من نيةالوصية ، وهجر كتاب عالميين أمثال ليوتولستوي وهنريك إبسن لم يفوزا بالجائزة ، من المحتمل لكونهم غير "idealistic" منتمين للممضى المثالي بما يكفي,في سنوات لاحقة الحدثة عدلت لتصبح أكثر عقلانية وتحررية, والجائزة تسلم كما كان مسار الجدال دائما بهذه الطريقة.للأعمال الجديرة والباقية أختيار الأكاديمية مازال يولد جدال, خصوصا لأختيار أناس مغموريين أمثال داريوفوسنة 1997 وألفريد جيلينيك عام 2004, جائزة نوبل ليست المعيار الوحيد لأمتيازية الأعمال الأدبية والأعمال القيمة الباقية, الناقدين لهذه الجائزة يشيروا إلى حتى الكثير من الكتاب البارزين لم يحصلوا على الجائزة ، وحتى لم يرشحوا لها.
قائمة الفائزين
| السنة | الفائز | البلد | السبب | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | سلي پرودوم | فرنسا | "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect" | |||
| 1902 | تيودور مومسن | ألمانيا | "the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A History of Rome" | |||
| 1903 | بيورنستيرن بيورنسون | النرويج | "as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit" | |||
| 1904 | فردريك مسترال | فرنسا | "in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist" | |||
| خوسيه إتشيگاراي | اسبانيا | "in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama" | ||||
| 1905 | هنريك سينكيڤتش | بولندا | "because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer" | |||
| 1906 | جوزويه كاردوتشي | ايطاليا | "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces" | |||
| 1907 | روديارد كبلنگ | المملكة المتحدة | "in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author" | |||
| 1908 | رودلف أوكن | ألمانيا | "in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life" | |||
| 1909 | سلمى لاگرلوف | السويد | "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings" | |||
| 1910 | پول ڤون هايس | ألمانيا | "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories" | |||
| 1911 | موريس ماترلينك | بلجيكا | "in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations" | |||
| 1912 | گرهارت هاوپتمان | ألمانيا | "primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art" | |||
| 1913 | رابندراناث طاغور | الهند | "because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West" | |||
| 1914 | حجبت | |||||
| 1915 | رومان رولان | فرنسا | "as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings" | |||
| 1916 | ڤرنر ڤون هايدنستام | السويد | "in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature" | |||
| 1917 | كارل گيلوروب | الدنمارك | "for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals" | |||
| هنريك پونتوپيدان | الدنمارك | "for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in الدنمارك" | ||||
| 1918 | حجبت | |||||
| 1919 | كارل شبيتلر | سويسرا | "in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring" | |||
| 1920 | كنوت همسون | النرويج | "for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil" | |||
| 1921 | أناتول فرنسا | فرنسا | "in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament" | |||
| 1922 | جاسينتوبينابنتي | اسبانيا | "for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama" | |||
| 1923 | وليم پتلر يتس | ايرلندا | "for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation" | |||
| 1924 | فواديسواف ريمونت | بولندا | "for his great national epic, The Peasants" | |||
| 1925 | جورج برنارد شو | ايرلندا | "for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty" | |||
| 1926 | گراتسيا ديليدا | ايطاليا | "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general" | |||
| 1927 | هنري برجسون | فرنسا | "in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented" | |||
| 1928 | سيگريد أوندست | النرويج | "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages" | |||
| 1929 | توماس مان | ألمانيا | "principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature" | |||
| 1930 | سنكلير لويس | الولايات المتحدة | "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters" | |||
| 1931 | اريك أكسل كارلفلت | السويد | "The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt" | |||
| 1932 | جون گلزورثي | المملكة المتحدة | "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga" | |||
| 1933 | إيڤان بونين | stateless domicile in فرنسا | "for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing" | |||
| 1934 | لويجي پيرانديلو | ايطاليا | "for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art" | |||
| 1935 | حجبت | |||||
| 1936 | أوجين أونيل | الولايات المتحدة | "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy" | |||
| 1937 | روجه مارتين دوگار | فرنسا | "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel cycle Les Thibault" | |||
| 1938 | پيرل بوك | الولايات المتحدة | "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces" | |||
| 1939 | گرانس اميل سيلانپا | Finland | "for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature" | |||
| 1940 | حجبت | |||||
| 1941 | حجبت | |||||
| 1942 | حجبت | |||||
| 1943 | حجبت | |||||
| 1944 | يوهانس ڤلهلم ينسن | الدنمارك | "for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style" | |||
| 1945 | غبريالا مسترال | تشيلي | "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world" | |||
| 1946 | هرمان هيسه | سويسرا | "for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style" | |||
| 1947 | أندريه جيد | فرنسا | "for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight" | |||
| 1948 | توماس ستيرنس اليوت | المملكة المتحدة | "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry" | |||
| 1949 | ويليام فوكنر | الولايات المتحدة | "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel" | |||
| 1950 | برتراند راسل | المملكة المتحدة | "in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought" | |||
| 1951 | بار لاگركڤست | السويد | "for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind" | |||
| 1952 | فرانسوا مورياك | فرنسا | "for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life" | |||
| 1953 | ونستون تشرشل | المملكة المتحدة | "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values" | |||
| 1954 | إرنست همنگواي | الولايات المتحدة | "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style" | |||
| 1955 | هالدور لاكسنس | آيسلندا | "for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland" | |||
| 1956 | خوان رامون خيمنيز | اسبانيا | "for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity" | |||
| 1957 | ألبير كامو | فرنسا | "for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times" | |||
| 1958 | بوريس باسترناك | الاتحاد السوڤيتي | "for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition" | |||
| 1959 | سالڤاتوري كوازيمودو | ايطاليا | "for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times" | |||
| 1960 | سان جون پيرس | فرنسا | "for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time" | |||
| 1961 | إيڤوأندريتش | يوغسلاڤيا | "for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country" | |||
| 1962 | جون شتاينبيك | الولايات المتحدة | "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception" | |||
| 1963 | جيورجيوس سفريس | اليونان | "for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture" | |||
| 1964 | جان پول سارتر | فرنسا | "for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age" | |||
| 1965 | ميخائيل شولوخوف | الاتحاد السوڤيتي | "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people" | |||
| 1966 | شموئيل يوسف عجنون | إسرئيل | "for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people" | |||
| نيلي ساكس | ألمانيا | "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength" | ||||
| 1967 | ميگل أنخل أستورياس | گواتيمالا | "for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of الهندn peoples of Latin America" | |||
| 1968 | ياسوناري كواباتا | اليابان | "for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the اليابانese mind" | |||
| 1969 | صمويل بيكيت | إيرلندا | "for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation" | |||
| 1970 | ألكسندر سولجنيتسين | الاتحاد السوڤيتي | "for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature" | |||
| 1971 | پابلونيرودا | تشيلي | "for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams" | |||
| 1972 | هاينريش بول | ألمانيا الغربية | "for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature" | |||
| 1973 | پاتريك وايت | أستراليا | "for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature" | |||
| 1974 | إيڤند جونسون | السويد | "for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom" | |||
| هاري مارتنسون | السويد | "for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos" | ||||
| 1975 | أوجينيومونتالي | ايطاليا | "for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions" | |||
| 1976 | سول بيلو | الولايات المتحدة | "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work" | |||
| 1977 | ڤيسنته ألكسندر | اسبانيا | "for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars" | |||
| 1978 | إساك سنجر | الولايات المتحدة | "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life" | |||
| 1979 | أوديسوإليتيس | اليونان | "for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness" | |||
| 1980 | تشيسلاڤ ميلوش | بولندا الولايات المتحدة |
"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts" | |||
| 1981 | إلياس كانيتي | المملكة المتحدة | "for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power" | |||
| 1982 | گابريل گارسيا ماركيز | كولومبيا | "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts" | |||
| 1983 | وليم گولدنگ | المملكة المتحدة | "for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today" | |||
| 1984 | ياروسلاڤ سيفرت | تشيكوسلوڤاكيا | "for his poetry which endowed with freshness, and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man" | |||
| 1985 | كلود سيمون | فرنسا | "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition" | |||
| 1986 | وولي سوينكا | نيجريا | "who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence" | |||
| 1987 | جوزسيف برودسكي | الولايات المتحدة | "for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity" | |||
| 1988 | نجيب محفوظ | مصر | "who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind" | |||
| 1989 | كاميلوخوسيه ثيلا | اسبانيا | "for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability" | |||
| 1990 | أكتاڤيوپاز | المكسيك | "for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity" | |||
| 1991 | نادين گورديمير | جنوب أفريقيا | "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity" | |||
| 1992 | دريك والكوت | جزر الأنتيل | "for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment" | |||
| 1993 | توني موريسون | الولايات المتحدة | "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality" | |||
| 1994 | كنزابوروأوي | اليابان | "who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today" | |||
| 1995 | سيموس هيني | إيرلندا | "for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past" | |||
| 1996 | ڤيسوافا شيمبورسكا | بولندا | "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality" | |||
| 1997 | داريوفو | ايطاليا | "who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden" | |||
| 1998 | خوزيه ساراماگو | البرتغال | "who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality" | |||
| 1999 | گونتر گراس | ألمانيا | "whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history" | |||
| 2000 | جاوكسينگجيان | فرنسا | "for an oeuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama" | |||
| 2001 | فيديادر سوراجبراساد نيپول | المملكة المتحدة | "for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories" | |||
| 2002 | إمره كرتيس | المجر | "for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history" | |||
| 2003 | جون ماكسويل كويتزي | جنوب أفريقيا | "who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider" | |||
| 2004 | الفريدي يلينيك | النمسا | "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power" | |||
| 2005 | هارولد پنتر | المملكة المتحدة | "who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms" | |||
| 2006 | أورهان باموك | هجريا | "who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures" | |||
| 2007 | دوريس ليسينگ | المملكة المتحدة | "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny" | |||
| 2008 | جان ماري گوستاف لوكليزيو | فرنسا | "author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization" | |||
| 2009 | هرتا مولر | ألمانيا | "who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed" | |||
| 2010 | ماريوڤارگاس ليوسا | پيرو | "لرسمه خرائط بنى السلطة ولتصويراته المتعمقة لمقاومة الفرد وثورته وانهزامه". | |||
| 2011 | توماس ترانسترومر | السويد | السويدية | "لأنه، من خلال تصويراته الشفافة المركزة، يعطينا مدخلاً منعشاً إلى الواقع". | ||
| 2012 | مويان | الصين | الصينية | "لدمجه الهلوسة الواقعية مع الحكايات الشعبية، التاريخية والمعاصرة". | ||
| 2013 | أليس مونرو | كندا | الإنگليزية | "سيدة السيرة القصيرة المعاصرة" | ||
| 2014 | پاتريك موديانو |
 فرنسا
|
الفرنسية | عن"فن الذاكرة الذي عالج من خلاله المصائر الإنسانية الأكثر عصيانا على الفهم وكشف عالم الاحتلال." | الرواية | |
| 2015 | سڤتلانا ألكسيڤيتش |
 بلاروس (وُلدت في الاتحاد السوڤيتي) |
الروسية | "على أعمالها المتعددة الأصوات التي تفند معاناة عصرنا وشجاعته" | التاريخ، الموضوعة | |
| 2016 | بوب دايلان |
 الولايات المتحدة
|
الإنگليزية | "لخلقه تعبيرات شعرية جديدة داخل التقليد الغنائي الأمريكي العظيم" | الشعر، كتابة الأغاني | |
| 2017 | كازووإيشيگورو |
 المملكة المتحدة(وُلد في اليابان) |
الإنگليزية | "الذي، في روايات قوة المشاعر العظيمة، كشف عن الهاوية الموجودة تحت شعورنا الوهمي بالتواصل مع العالم" | الرواية | |
| 2018 (حازتها في 2019) | أولگا توكارتشوك |
 پولندا
|
الپولندية | "من أجل الخيال السردي مع العاطفة الموسوعية يمثل عبوراً الحدود كأحد من أشكال الحياة" | الرواية، السيرة القصيرة، الشعر، الموضوعة | |
| 2019 | پيتر هاندكه |
 النمسا
|
الألمانية | "لعمله المؤثره وبراعته اللغوية في اكتشاف محيط وخصوصية التجربة الإنسانية." | الرواية، السيرة القصيرة، الدراما | |
المصادر
- عامة
- "All Nobel Laureates in Literature". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
- متخصصة
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1901". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1902". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1903". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1904". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1905". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1906". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1907". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1908". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1909". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1910". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1911". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1912". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1913". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1915". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1916". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1917". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1919". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1920". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1921". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1922". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1923". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1924". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1925". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1926". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1927". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1928". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1929". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1930". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1931". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1932". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1933". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1934". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1936". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1937". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1938". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1939". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1944". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1946". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1948". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1949". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1950". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1951". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1952". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1953". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1954". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1955". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1956". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1957". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1958". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1959". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1960". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1961". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1962". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1964". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1965". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1966". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1967". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1968". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1969". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1970". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1971". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1972". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1973". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1974". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1975". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1978". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1979". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1980". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1981". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1982". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1984". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1985". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1986". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1987". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1989". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1990". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1991". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1993". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1994". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1998". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1999". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2000". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2001". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2002". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2003". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2005". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2006". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2007". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-17.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2008". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-14.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2009". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2009-10-08.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2010". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2010-10-07.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2011-10-06.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 11 October 2012.
-
^ [“for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation”. "Nobel Prize in Literature 2014"] Check
|url=value (help). Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 9 October 2014. - ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2015". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 8 October 2015.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2016" (PDF). Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 13 October 2016.
- ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2018". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2019-10-10.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 2019". NobelPrize.org (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-10-10.
وصلات خارجية
- Official website of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
- Official website of the Nobel Foundation
