يامونا
| يـَمـُنا Yamuna | |
| River | |
|
تاج محل في أگرا على ضفاف يمنا
| |
| البلد | الهند |
|---|---|
| States | Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, هاريانا, دلهي |
| الروافد | |
| - يسار | Hindon, Sharda, Kunta, Gir[], Rishiganga, Hanuman Ganga, Sasur Khaderi, Tons |
| - يمين | Chambal, Betwa, Ken, السند, Dhansan |
| المدن | يمنا نگر, دلهي, Mathura, أگرا, Etawah, Kalpi, الله آباد |
| Source | يامونوتري |
| - المسقط | Banderpooch peaks, Uttarkashi district, Uttarakhand, الهند |
| - elevation | 3,293 م (10,804 قدم) |
| - coordinates | |
| المصب | Triveni sangam |
| - المسقط | الله آباد, الهند |
| - الارتفاع | 74 م (243 قدم) |
| - الاحداثيات | |
| الطول | 1,376 kم (855 ميل) |
| الحوض | 366,223 kم2 (141,399 ميل2) |
| التدفق | المصب |
| - المتوسط | 2,950 م3/ث (104,240 قدم3/ث) |
|
Map
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يـَمـُنا أويامونا (/jəmʊnaː/؛ بالسنسكريتية وبالهندي: यमुना ؛ بالإنگليزية: Yamuna)، وأحياناً يسمى جمنا (بالهندي: जमुना؛ /d͡ʒəmʊna:/ ؛ بالإنگليزية: Jamuna) هوأطول وثاني أكبر نهر رافد لنهر الگنج (گانگا) في شمال الهند. وينبع من مثلجة يامونوتري على ازدياد 6,387 متر على المنحدرات الجنوبية الغربية لقمم بندرپوچ في أعلى منطقة في الهيمالايا السفلى في Uttarakhand, it travels a total length of 1,376 kiloمترs (855 mi) and has a drainage system of 366,223 kiloمتر مربعs (141,399 ميل2), 40.2% of the entire Ganges Basin, before merging with the Ganges at Triveni Sangam, الله آباد، مسقط احتفال كومبا ملا جميع اثنتي عشر عاماً.
It crosses several states, Uttarakhand, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, passing by Uttarakhand and later Delhi, and meets its tributaries on the way, including Tons, its largest and longest tributary in Uttarakhand, Chambal, which has its own large basin, followed by Sindh, the Betwa, and Ken. Most importantly it creates the highly fertile alluvial, Yamuna-Ganges Doab region between itself and the Ganges in the Indo-Gangetic plain. Nearly 57 million people depend on the Yamuna waters. With an annual flow of about 10,000 cubic billion metres (cbm) and usage of 4,400 cbm (of which irrigation constitutes 96 per cent), the river accounts for more than 70 per cent of Delhi’s water supplies. Just like the Ganges, the Yamuna too is highly venerated in Hinduism and worshipped as goddess Yamuna, throughout its course. In Hindu mythology, she is the daughter of Sun God, Surya, and sister of Yama, the God of Death, hence also known as Yami and according to popular legends, bathing in its sacred waters frees one from the torments of death.
The water of Yamuna is of "reasonably good quality" through its length from Yamunotri in the Himalayas to Wazirabad in Delhi, about 375 kiloمترs (233 ميل), where the discharge of waste water through 15 drains between Wazirabad barrage and Okhla barrage renders the river severely polluted after Wazirabad. One official describes the river as a "sewage drain" with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) values ranging from 14 to 28 mg/l and high coliform content. There are three main sources of pollution in the river, namely households and municipal disposal sites, soil erosion resulting from deforestation occurring to make way for agriculture along with resulting chemical wash-off from fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides and run-off from commercial activity and industrial sites.
مسار النهر
| الولاية | مساحة التجميع (كم²) | % من حوض التجميع |
|---|---|---|
| أتر پرادش وأوتاراخند | 74,208 | 21.5 % |
| هيماچل پرادش | 5,799 | 1.6 |
| هاريانا | 21,265 | 6.5 |
| راجستان | 102,883 | 29.8 |
| ماديا پرادش | 14,023 | 40.6 |
| دلهي | 1,485 | 0.4 |
التاريخ
الأهمية الدينية
ادارة النهر
الري
الجغرافيا والحياة البرية
The catchment area of the river, especially till it touches the plains, is replete with alpine, semi alpine, temperate and sub-tropical vegetation, and vast areas are under forest cover, and supports extensive animal life.
Yamuna is the frontier of the Asian Elephant. West of the Yamuna, there are no elephants to be found over 900 kiloمترs (560 ميل) of the western Himalayas and their foothills. The forests of the lower Yamuna offer ideal corridors for elephant movement. The principal forests to be found here are of sal, khair (acacia), and sissoo (rosewood) trees, and the Chir Pine forests of the Shivalik Hills.
التلوث
معرض صور
اليمنا، كما يظهر من تاج محل في أگرا في أتر پرادش
معبد مدان موهان، على نهر يمنا في ڤرينداڤان في أتر پرادش، 1789: وقد ارتحل النهر بعيداً عن المعبد منذ ذلك الحين.
'كشي غات' على اليمنا في ڤرينداڤان في أتر پرادش
اليمنا بالقرب من الله آباد في أتر پرادش، قبل كيلومترات قليلة من إلتقائه نهر الگنج
اليمنا بالقرب من الله آباد في أتر پرادش، في الموسم المطير
انظر أيضاً
- قائمة أنهار الهند
- يامونا پوش‌كرم Yamuna Pushkaram
للاستزادة
- Fraser, James Baillie (1820). . Rodwell and Martin, London.
- Haberman, David L. (2006). . University of California Press. ISBN .
- Schumann, A. H. (2001). . International Association of Hydrological Sciences(IAHS). pp. 25–32. ISBN .
الهامش
- ^ Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. (2007). . Springer. p. 341. ISBN . Retrieved 26 April 2011.
- ^ Jain, Sharad K.; Pushpendra K. Agarwal; Vijay P. Singh (2007). . Springer. pp. 344–354. ISBN .
- ^ Hoiberg, Dale (2000). . Popular Prakashan. pp. 290–291. ISBN .
- ^ ". The Hindu. Nov 23, 2003.
وصلات خارجية
 |
مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Yamuna River. |
- The Geography of the Rigveda
- Yamuna Action Plan
نطقب:Hydrography of Uttarakhand نطقب:Geo HP
نطقب:Hydrography of Haryana
