گاري كاسپاروڤ (بالروسية: Га́рри Ки́мович Каспа́ров، النطق الروسي: [ˈɡarʲɪ ˈkʲiməvʲɪtɕ kɐˈsparəf]; وُلِد Garik Kimovich Weinstein،؛ بالإنگليزية: Garry Kimovich Kasparov؛ 13 أبريل 1963) هوأستاذ شطرنج كبير روسي (سابقاً سوڤيتي)، بطل العالم في الشطرنج سابقاً، ومحرر وناشط سياسي، ويعتبره الكثير أعظم لاعب شطرنج على مر التاريخ. From 1986 until his retirement in 2005, Kasparov was ranked world No. 1 for 225 out of 228 months. His peak rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until 2013. Kasparov also holds records for consecutive professional tournament victories (15) and Chess Oscars (11).

Kasparov became the youngest ever undisputed World Chess Champion in 1985 at age 22 by defeating then-champion Anatoly Karpov. He held the official FIDE world title until 1993, when a dispute with FIDE led him to set up a rival organization, the Professional Chess Association. In 1997 he became the first world champion to lose a match to a computer under standard time controls, when he lost to the IBM supercomputer Deep Blue in a highly publicized match. He continued to hold the "Classical" World Chess Championship until his defeat by Vladimir Kramnik in 2000.

مقارنة رأساً برأس مع سادة عظام

(Rapid, blitz and blindfold games not included; listed as +wins −losses =draws as of 2 May 2014.)
Players who have been undisputed World Champions in boldface

السياسة

"پوتن يجب حتى يرحل"

Kasparov was among the 34 first signatories and a key organizer of the online anti-Putin campaign "Putin must go", started onعشرة March 2010.

حول محاكمة ناڤالني

Olympiads and other major team events

Kasparov played in a total of eight Chess Olympiads. He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. In his 1980 Olympiad debut, he became, at age 17, the youngest player to represent the Soviet Union or Russia at that level, a record which was broken by Vladimir Kramnik in 1992. In 82 games, he has scored (+50 −3 =29), for 78.7% and won a total of 19 medals, including team gold medals all eight times he competed. For the 1994 Moscow Olympiad, he had a significant organizational role, in helping to put together the event on short notice, after Thessaloniki canceled its offer to host, a few weeks before the scheduled dates. Kasparov's detailed Olympiad record, from, follows.

• Valletta 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 9½/12 (+8 −1 =3), team gold, board bronze;
• Lucerne 1982, USSR 2nd board, 8½/11 (+6 −0 =5), team gold, board bronze;
• Dubai 1986, USSR 1st board, 8½/11 (+7 −1 =3), team gold, board gold, performance gold;
• Thessaloniki 1988, USSR 1st board, 8½/10 (+7 −0 =3), team gold, board gold, performance gold;
• Manila 1992, Russia board 1, 8½/10 (+7 −0 =3), team gold, board gold, performance silver;
• Moscow 1994, Russia board 1, 6½/10 (+4 −1 =5), team gold;
• Yerevan 1996, Russia board 1, 7/9 (+5 −0 =4), team gold, board gold, performance silver;
• Bled 2002, Russia board 1, 7½/9 (+6 −0 =3), team gold, board gold.

Kasparov made his international teams debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship. He won a total of five medals. His detailed Euroteams record, from, follows.

• Skara 1980, USSR 2nd reserve, 5½/6 (+5 −0 =1), team gold, board gold;
• Debrecen 1992, Russia board 1, 6/8 (+4 −0 =4), team gold, board gold, performance silver.

Kasparov also represented the USSR once in Youth Olympiad competition, but the detailed data at Olimpbase is incomplete; the Chessmetrics Garry Kasparov player file has his individual score from that event.

• Graz 1981, USSR board 1, 9/10 (+8 −0 =2), team gold.

Other records

Kasparov holds the record for most consecutive professional tournament victories, placing first or equal first in 15 individual tournaments from 1981 to 1990.^[] The streak was broken by Vasily Ivanchuk at Linares 1991, where Kasparov placed 2nd, half a point behind him. The details of this record winning streak follow:

• Frunze 1981, USSR Championship, 12½/17, tie for 1st;
• Bugojno 1982, 9½/13, 1st;
• Moscow 1982, Interzonal, 10/13, 1st;
• Nikšić 1983, 11/14, 1st;
• Brussels OHRA 1986, 7½/10, 1st;
• Dubai 27th Olympiad
• Brussels 1987, 8½/11, tie for 1st;
• Amsterdam Optiebeurs 1988, 9/12, 1st;
• Belfort (World Cup) 1988, 11½/15, 1st;
• Moscow 1988, USSR Championship, 11½/17, tie for 1st;
• Reykjavík (World Cup) 1988, 11/17, 1st;
• Barcelona (World Cup) 1989, 11/16, tie for 1st;
• Skellefteå (World Cup) 1989, 9½/15, tie for 1st;
• Tilburg 1989, 12/14, 1st;
• Belgrade (Investbank) 1989, 9½/11, 1st;
• Linares 1990, 8/11, 1st.

Kasparov won the Chess Oscar a record eleven times.

Chess against computers

32 simultaneous computers, 1985

Kasparov played against thirty-two different chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games, but with some difficulty.

Deep Thought, 1989

Kasparov defeated the chess computer Deep Thought in both games of a two-game match in 1989.

Deep Blue, 1996

In February 1996, IBM's chess computer Deep Blue defeated Kasparov in one game using normal time controls, in Deep Blue - Kasparov, 1996, Game 1. Kasparov gained three wins and two draws and won the match 4–2.

Deep Blue, 1997

In May 1997, an updated version of Deep Blue defeated Kasparov 3½–2½ in a highly publicized six-game match. The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly in Game 6. This was the first time a computer had ever defeated a world champion in match play. A documentary film was made about this famous matchup entitled Game Over: Kasparov and the Machine.

ديپ جونيور، 2003

In January 2003, he engaged in a six-game classical time control match with a $1 million prize fund which was billed as the FIDE "Man vs. Machine" World Championship, against Deep Junior. The engine evaluated three million positions per second. After one win each and three draws, it was all up to the final game. After reaching a decent position Kasparov offered a draw, which was soon accepted by the Deep Junior team. Asked why he offered the draw, Kasparov said he feared making a blunder. Originally planned as an annual event, the match was not repeated.

Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with black and at a standard time control.

X3D Fritz, 2003

In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D Man–Machine match ended in a draw. Kasparov received $175,000 for the result and took home the golden trophy. Kasparov continued to criticize the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. He felt that he had outplayed the machine overall and played well. "I only made one mistake but unfortunately that one mistake lost the game."

خط

• The Test of Time (Russian Chess) (1986, Pergamon Pr)
• World Chess Championship Match: Moscow, 1985 (1986, Everyman Chess)
• Child of Change: An Autobiography (1987, Hutchinson)
• London–Leningrad Championship Games (1987, Everyman Chess)
• Unlimited Challenge (1990, Grove Pr)
• The Sicilian Scheveningen (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
• The Queen's Indian Defence: Kasparov System (1991, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
• Kasparov Versus Karpov, 1990 (1991, Everyman Chess)
• Kasparov on the King's Indian (1993, B.T. Batsford Ltd)
• Garry Kasparov's Chess Challenge (1996, Everyman Chess)
• Lessons in Chess (1997, Everyman Chess)
• Kasparov Against the World: The Story of the Greatest Online Challenge (2000, Kasparov Chess Online)
• My Great Predecessors Part I (2003, Everyman Chess)
• My Great Predecessors Part II (2003, Everyman Chess)
• Checkmate!: My First Chess Book (2004, Everyman Mindsports)
• My Great Predecessors Part III (2004, Everyman Chess)
• My Great Predecessors Part IV (2004, Everyman Chess)
• My Great Predecessors Part V (2006, Everyman Chess)
• How Life Imitates Chess (2007, William Heinemann Ltd.)
• Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part I: Revolution in the 70s (2007, Everyman Chess)
• Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part II: Kasparov vs Karpov 1975–1985 (2008, Everyman Chess)
• Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part III: Kasparov vs Karpov 1986–1987 (2009, Everyman Chess)
• Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part IV: Kasparov vs Karpov 1988–2009 (2010, Everyman Chess)
• Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part I (2011, Everyman Chess)
• Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part II (2013, Everyman Chess)
• Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, part III (2014, Everyman Chess)
• The Blueprint: Reviving Innovation, Rediscovering Risk, and Rescuing the Free Market (2013, W. W. Norton & Co)

انظر أيضاً

• Kasparov versus the World
• List of chess games between Kasparov and Kramnik
• Committee 2008
• Putinism

الهامش

للاستزادة

• Borik, Otto (1991). Kasparov's Chess Openings: A World Champion's Repertoire. Trafalgar Square Pub. ISBN .
• Stohl, Igor (2005). Garry Kasparov's Greatest Chess Games, Volume 1. Gambit Publications. ISBN .
• Stohl, Igor (2006). Garry Kasparov's Greatest Chess Games, Volume 2. Gambit Publications. ISBN .
• Károlyi, Tibor; Aplin, Nick (2007). Kasparov's Fighting Chess 1993–1998. Batsford. ISBN .
• Károlyi, Tibor; Aplin, Nick (2007). Kasparov's Fighting Chess 1999–2005. Batsford. ISBN .
• Károlyi, Tibor; Aplin, Nick (2009). Kasparov: How His Predecessors Misled Him About Chess. Batsford. ISBN .

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Garry Kasparov.

• نطقب:Chessgames player
• , a civic political movement to ensure Democracy in the Russian Federation, initiated by Garry Kasparov
• Garry Kasparov, "Man of the Year?", OpinionJournal, 23 December 2007
• Edward Winter, List of Books About Fischer and Kasparov
• (بالروسية) Garry Kasparov's LiveJournal
• گاري كاسپاروڤ على تويتر