گويانا (تُنطق // أو //), officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, هي دولة في أمريكا الجنوبية. كانت تسمي گويانا البريطانية قبل استقلالها وهي واحدة من بلدان ثلاثة كان يطلق على جميع منها اسم گويانا ويضاف إليه اسم الدولة المستعمرة لها ومنها جويانا الهولندية ، وأصبح اسمها سورينام وجيانا الفرنسية وابقت على اسمها السابق . وجويانا البريطانية والتي تعهد حالياً بجمهورية جويانا أكبر الجويانات الثلات في المساحة ، إذ تبلغ مساحتها 214969 كيلومتراً مربعاً ، وسكانها في سنة ( 1408 هـ -1988 م ) 1007000 نسمة ، وعاصمة البلاد جورج تاون . ولقد مرت على گويانا مراحل متعددة من الاحتلال ، فوصل إليها الأسبان في سنة 905 هـ - 1499 م ، واحتلها الهولنديين في سنة 1030 هـ - 1620 م ، ثم خضعت لاحتلال بريطانية في سنة 1291 هـ - 1874 م ، وحصلت مستعمرة گويانا البريطانية على حكم ذاتي في سنة 1347 هـ - 1928 م ، ثم نالت استقلالها في سنة 1390 هـ - 1970 م ، وعهدت بعد ذلك بجمهورية گويانا ، وظلت عضوفي الكومنولث البريطاني.

Etymology

The name "Guyana" is derived from Guiana, the original name for the region that formerly included Guyana (British Guiana), Suriname (Dutch Guiana), French Guiana, and parts of Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, Guyana is derived from an indigenous Amerindian language and means "land of many waters".

التاريخ

There are nine indigenous tribes residing in Guyana: the Wai Wai, Macushi, Patamona, Lokono, Kalina, Wapishana, Pemon, Akawaio and Warao. Historically the Lokono and Kalina tribes dominated Guyana. Although Christopher Columbus was the first European to sight Guyana during his third voyage (in 1498), and Sir Walter Raleigh wrote an account in 1596, the Dutch were the first Europeans to establish colonies: Essequibo (1616), Berbice (1627), and Demerara (1752). After the British assumed control in 1796, the Dutch formally ceded the area in 1814. In 1831 the three separate colonies became a single British colony known as گويانا البريطانية.

Since its independence in 1824 Venezuela has claimed the area of land to the west of the Essequibo River. سيمون بوليڤار wrote to the British government warning against the Berbice and Demerara settlers settling on land which the Venezuelans, as assumed heirs of Spanish claims on the area dating to the sixteenth century, claimed was theirs. In 1899 an international tribunal ruled the land belonged to Great Britain. The British territorial claim stemmed from Dutch involvement and colonization of the area also dating to the sixteenth century, which was ceded to the British.

Guyana achieved independence from the United Kingdom on 26 May 1966 and became a republic on 23 February 1970, remaining a member of the Commonwealth. The US State Department and the US وكالة المخابرات المركزية (CIA), along with the British government, played a strong role in influencing political control in Guyana during this time. The American government supported Forbes Burnham during the early years of independence because Cheddi Jagan was identified as a Marxist. They provided secret financial support and political campaign advice to Burnham's People's National Congress, to the detriment of the Jagan-led People's Progressive Party, which was mostly supported by Guyanese of East Indian background.

In 1978, Guyana received international notice when 918 members of the American cult, Peoples Temple, died in a mass murder/suicide drinking cyanide-laced Flavor Aid. However, most of the suicides were by Americans and not Guyanese. More than 300 children were killed; the people were members of a group led by Jim Jones in Jonestown, the settlement which they had created. Jim Jones's bodyguards had earlier attacked people taking off at a small remote airstrip close to Jonestown, killing five people, including Leo Ryan, a US congressman.

In May 2008, President Bharrat Jagdeo was a signatory to the UNASUR Constitutive Treaty of the Union of South American Nations. Guyana has ratified the treaty.

الجغرافيا

المسقط

تطل جويانا على الساحل الشمالي الشرقي لأمريكا الجنوبية المشرف على المحيط الأطلنطي ، وتحدها جمهورية فنزويلا من الغرب ، وسورينام من الشرق ، والبرازيل من الجنوب ، وتقع في حيز النطاق الاستوائي . الأرض تقسم أرض جويانا إلى نطاقات ثلاثة ، فالقسم الأول من أرضها والمطل على الساحل سهلي منخفض ، يصل في يعض مناطقة إلى ما دون مستوي البحر ، ُثم تبدأ الأرض في الأرتفاع التدريجي نحوالجنوب الغربي ، ويغطي هذا القسم بالغابات الأستوائية الكثيفة ، وتبلغ أرض جويانا أقصي ازدياد لها في الجنوب الغربي ، وهنا ينتقل النطاق النباتي إلى حشائش السافانا ، وبها عدة أنهار قصيرة تصرف مياهها في المحيط الأطلنطي .

المناخ

استوائي ترتفع حرارته معظم شهور السنة ، ويلطف الماء من حدة حرارة السواحل ، والأمطار غزيرة وتسقط في فصلين ، الأول من إبريل إلى أغسطس ، والثاني من نوفمبر إلى يناير . السكان يتكون سكان جويانا من الهنود والباكستانيين ، وهؤلاء حوالي 55% من جملة سكان البلاد ، ويشكل الأفريقيون ثلث السكان ، وهناك أكثر من 30 ألفاً من الهنود الامريكين ، وهم البقية الباقية من سكان البلاد الاصليين وحوالي 2000 من الأوروبيين ، ويوجد حوالي 10000 من أصل صيني ، والأقلية الباقية خليط من العناصر السابقة . وتعدد العناصر بجويانا سبب التوتر والقلاقل الكثيرة التي تشهدها البلاد ، وتستعمل اللغتان الإنجليزية والهندية ( الآسيوية ) والبعض يستعمل اللغتين الصينية والبرتغالية .

مجالس المناطق والأحياء

تنقسم گويانا إلىعشرة مناطق:

The regions are divided into 27 neighbourhood councils.

النزاعات الحدودية

World Heritage sites

الاقتصاد

The main economic activities in Guyana are agriculture (production of rice and Demerara sugar), bauxite and gold mining, timber, shrimp fishing and minerals. In 2015 the first of several significant deep water oil discoveries were found, which will have a significant effect on the economy. Chronic problems include a shortage of skilled labour and a deficient infrastructure. In 2008, the economy witnessed a 3% increase in growth amid the global economic crisis, grew an impressive 5.4% in 2011 and 3.7% in 2012.

Until recently, the government was juggling a sizeable external debt against the urgent need for expanded public investment. Low prices for key mining and agricultural commodities combined with troubles in the bauxite and sugar industries, had threatened the government's tenuous fiscal position and dimmed prospects for the future. However, the Guyanese economy has rebounded slightly and exhibited moderate economic growth since 1999, thanks to an expansion in the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favourable atmosphere for business initiatives, a more realistic exchange rate, fairly low inflation, and the continued support of international organisations.

The sugar industry, which accounts for 28% of all export earnings, is largely run by the company GuySuCo, which employs more people than any other industry. Many industries have a large foreign investment. For example, the mineral industry is heavily invested in by the American company Reynolds Metals and the British-Australian Rio Tinto's Rio Tinto Alcan subsidiary; the Korean/Malaysian Barama Company has a large stake in the logging industry.

The production of balatá (natural latex) was once big business in Guyana. Most of the balata bleeding in Guyana took place in the foothills of the Kanuku Mountains in the Rupununi. Early exploitation also took place in the North West District, but most of the trees in the area were destroyed by illicit bleeding methods that involved cutting down the trees rather than making incisions in them. Uses of balatá included the making of cricket balls, the temporary filling of troublesome tooth cavities, and the crafting of figurines and other decorative items (particularly by the Macushi people of the Kanuku mountains).

Major private sector organisations include the Private Sector Commission (PSC) and the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce & Industry (GCCI);

The government initiated a major overhaul of the tax code in early 2007. ضريبة القيمة المضافة (VAT) was brought into effect, replacing six different taxes. Prior to the implementation of the VAT, it had been relatively easy to evade sales tax, and many businesses were in violation of tax code. Many businesses were very opposed to VAT introduction because of the extra paperwork required; however, the Government has remained firm on the VAT. By replacing several taxes with one flat tax rate, it will also be easier for government auditors to spot embezzlement. This was prevalent under the former PPP/C regime who authorised the VAT to be equal to 50% of the value of the good. While the adjustment to VAT has been difficult, it may improve day-to-day life because of the significant additional funds the government will have available for public spending.

President Bharrat Jagdeo had made debt relief a foremost priority of his administration. He was quite successful, getting US$800 million of debt written off by the صندوق النقد الدولي (IMF), البنك الدولي وInter-American Development Bank (IDB), in addition to millions more from other industrial nations. Jagdeo was lauded by IDB President Moreno for his strong leadership and negotiating skills in pursuing debt relief for Guyana and several other regional countries.

ملخص

النشاط البشري

الزراعة والتعدين نادىمة اقتصاد جويانا وتشغل الزراعة 1% من جملة مساحة الأرض ، وأهم الغلات قصب السكر والأرز ،ويغرس الموز ، والذرة وجوز الهند في مساحات محدودة والماشية هي من الأغنام والماعز وجويانا من أبرز الدول المنتجة لخام البوكسيت ، ويشغل الألمنيوم المركز الثاني في صادراتها ، ويصنع الألمنيوم محلياً ، ووضعت عدة محاولات لتصنيعة والتقليل من تصديره خاماً ، وبلغ إنتاجها السنوي من المضى 11000 أوقية ، ومن الماس 10200 قيراط ، هذا إلى جانب المنغنيز ، كما يستخرج النحاس واليورانيوم .

Largest cities

Language

English is the official language of Guyana and is used for education, government, media, and services. The vast majority of the population speaks Guyanese Creole, an English-based creole with slight African and East Indian influence, as their native tongue. In addition, Cariban languages (Akawaio, Wai-Wai, and Macushi) are spoken by a small minority, while Indic languages are retained for cultural and religious reasons.

Religion

Government and politics

نطقب:Refimprove section

Telecommunications

نطقب:CIA-Sect Per the CIA World Factbook:

Telephone system

• Telephones : 154,200 main telephone lines (2012)
• Telephones – mobile cellular: 600,000+ (2014)
• Domestic: microwave radio relay network for trunk lines; fixed-line teledensity is about 20 per 100 persons; many areas still lack fixed-line telephone services; mobile-cellular teledensity reached 70 per 100 persons in 2011
• International: country code – 592; tropospheric scatter to Trinidad; satellite earth station – 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Guyana Telephone & Telegraph (GT&T) is the main mobile phone provider

Digicel is also present in Guyana since 2007 providing mobile service for its citizens

Internet system

• Internet country code: .gy
• Internet hosts: 6,218 (2008)^[]
• Internet users: 270,200 (2014)

Culture

المصدر

• الأقليات المسلمة في الامريكتين والبحر الكاريبي – سيد عبد المجيد بكر .

انظر أيضاً

• Index of Guyana-related articles
• LGBT rights in Guyana
• List of international rankings
• Outline of Guyana

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

• Office of the President, Republic of Guyana (official website).
• Petroleum exploration in Guyana
• Parliament of the Cooperative Republic of Guyana (official website).
• Wikimedia Atlas of Guyana
• Outsourcing in Guyana from news publication, Nearshore Americas.
• Geographic data related to گويانا at OpenStreetMap
• Guyana entry at The World Factbook
• Country Profile from the BBC News.
• Guyana from the Encyclopædia Britannica.
• Guyana at UCB Libraries GovPubs.
• (بالإسپانية) Derechos Venezolanos de Soberania en el Esequibo, Ministerio del Poder Popular para Relaciones Exteriores.
• Venezuelan rights of sovereignty in the Essequibo, Ministry of Popular Power for Foreign Affairs (translated by Google).
• گويانا at the Open Directory Project
• The State of the World's Midwifery, Guyana Country Profile.
• Key Development Forecasts for Guyana from International Futures.