پن‌ين أوهان‌يوپن‌ين، هونظام الرومنة الرسمي لكتابة الصينية بالحروف اللاتينية في البر الرئيسي للصين وإلى حد ما في تايوان. وكثيراً ما تُستخدم لتعليم الصينية (المندرينية) الفصحى، التي تُخط عادةً باستخدام الحروف الصينية. يضم النظام أربع علامات تشكيل تـُميّز النغمات. ويُستخدم پن‌ين بدون علامات النغم لتهجي الأسماء الصينية والحدثات من لغات مكتوبة بـالأبجدية اللاتينية، وكذلك في بعض طرق الإدخال للحاسوب لإدخال الحروف الصينية.

تأسس نظام پن‌ين في 1958 من قِبل عدد من اللغويين، منهم ژويوگوانگ، مبنية على صيغة أقدم من رَومنات الصينية. وقد نشرتها الحكومة الصينية في 1958 وعدّلتها عدة مرات.المنظمة الدولية للمعايير (ISO) اعتمدت پن‌ين كـمعيار دولي في 1982, وتلتها الأمم المتحدة في 1986. وقد اِعتُمِد النظام كمعيار رسمي في تايوان في 2009، حيث تُستخدم للرومنة فقط^[] (جزئياً لجعل مناطق صديقة للإنگليزية بشكل أكبر) وليس لأغراض تعليمية أوللإدخال للحاسوب. وبالرغم من محاولة الحكومة الوطنية لتطبيقه، فإن "بعض المدن والشركات والمؤسسات، خصوصاً في جنوب تايوان، لم تقبل ذلك" ولذلك يبقي الپن‌ين واحداً من عدة نظم متنافسة ومستخدمة للرومنة هناك.

حدثة Hànyǔ (الصينية المبسطة: 汉语; الصينية التقليدية: 漢語) تعني "اللغة المحكية لشعب الهان." Pīnyīn (الصينية المبسطة: 拼音; الصينية التقليدية: 拼音) وتعني حرفياً "الأصوات المتهجاة".

تاريخ رومنة الصينية قبل 1949

In 1605, the Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci published Xizi Qiji (الصينية التقليدية: 《西字奇蹟》; پن‌ين: Xīzì Qíjī; ويد-جايلز: Hsi-tzu Ch'i-chi; حرفياً "Miracle of Western Letters") in Beijing. This was the first book to use the Roman alphabet to write the Chinese language. Twenty years later, another Jesuit in China, Nicolas Trigault, issued his Xi Ru Ermu Zi (الصينية التقليدية: 《西儒耳目資》; ويد-جايلز: Hsi Ju Erh-mu Tzu; حرفياً "Aid to the Eyes and Ears of Western Literati") at Hangzhou. Neither book had much immediate impact on the way in which Chinese thought about their writing system, and the romanizations they described were intended more for Westerners than for the Chinese.

ويد–جايلز

منطق رئيسي: ويد–جايلز

The Wade–Giles system was produced by Thomas Wade in 1859, and further improved by Herbert Giles in the Chinese–English Dictionary of 1892. It was popular and used in English-language publications outside China until 1979.

صين ونز

منطق رئيسي: Latinxua Sin Wenz

In the early 1930s, Communist Party of China leaders trained in Moscow introduced a phonetic alphabet using Roman letters which had been developed in the Soviet Oriental Institute of Leningrad and was originally intended to improve literacy in the Russian Far East. This Sin Wenz or "New Writing" was much more linguistically sophisticated than earlier alphabets, with the major exception that it did not indicate tones.

رومنة يل

منطق رئيسي: Yale romanization of Mandarin

In 1943, the U.S. military engaged Yale University to develop a romanization of Mandarin Chinese for its pilots flying over China. The resulting system is very close to pinyin, but doesn't use English letters in unfamiliar ways; for example, pinyin x is written as sy. Medial semivowels are written with y and w (instead of pinyin i and u), and apical vowels (syllabic consonants) with r or z. Accent marks are used to indicate tone.

الاستخدام

نظرة عامة

الأحرف الأولى والأخيرة

الأحرف الأولى

¹/ɻ/ may phonetically be /ʐ/ (a voiced retroflex fricative). This pronunciation varies among different speakers, and is not two different phonemes.
² the letters "w" and "y" are not included in the table of initials in the official pinyin system. They are an orthographic convention for the medials "i", "u" and "ü" when no initial is present. When "i", "u" or "ü" are finals and no initial is present, they are spelled "yi", "wu", and "yu", respectively.
³ "y" is pronounced as [ɥ] before "u".

Conventional order (excluding w and y), derived from the zhuyin system, is:

الأحرف الأخيرة

¹[əɹ] (而, 二, etc.) is written er. For other finals formed by the suffix -r, pinyin does not use special orthography; one simply appends -r to the final that it is added to, without regard for any sound changes that may take place along the way. For information on sound changes related to final -r, please see Standard Mandarin.
² "ü" is written as "u" after j, q, x, or y.
³ "uo" is written as "o" after b, p, m, or f.
⁴ It is pronounced [ʊŋ] when it follows an initial, and pinyin reflects this difference.

Technically, i, u, ü without a following vowel are finals, not medials, and therefore take the tone marks, but they are more concisely displayed as above. In addition, ê [ɛ] (欸, 誒) and syllabic nasals m (呒, 呣), n (嗯, 唔), ng (嗯, 𠮾) are used as interjections.

Rules given in terms of English pronunciation

All rules given here in terms of English pronunciation are approximate, as several of these sounds do not correspond directly to sounds in English.

نطق الأحرف الأولى

* Note on w, y, and the apostrophe

Y and w are equivalent to the semivowel medials i, u, and ü (see below). They are spelled differently when there is no initial consonant in order to mark a new syllable: fanguan is fan-guan, while fangwan is fang-wan (and equivalent to *fang-uan). With this convention, an apostrophe only needs to be used to mark an initial a, e, or o: Xi'an (two syllables: [ɕi.an]) vs. xian (one syllable: [ɕi̯ɛn]). In addition, y and w are added to fully vocalic i, u, and ü when these occur without an initial consonant, so that they are written yi, wu, and yu. Some Mandarin speakers do pronounce a [j] or [w] sound at the beginning of such words—that is, yi [i] or [ji], wu [u] or [wu], yu [y] or [ɥy],—so this is an intuitive convention. See below for a few finals which are abbreviated after a consonant plus w/u or y/i medial: wen → C+un, wei → C+ui, weng → C+ong, and you → C+iu.

نطق الأحرف الأخيرة

¹[aɚ̯] is written er. For other finals formed by the suffix -r, pinyin does not use special orthography; one simply appends r to the final that it is added to, without regard for any sound changes that may take place along the way. For information on sound changes related to final r, please see Erhua#Rules.
²ü is written as u after j, q, or x.
³uo is written as o after b, p, m, f, or w.

Technically, i, u, ü without a following vowel are finals, not medials, and therefore take the tone marks, but they are more concisely displayed as above. In addition, ê [ɛ] (الصينية المبسطة: 欸; الصينية التقليدية: 誒) and syllabic nasals m (بالصينية: 呒, بالصينية: 呣), n (بالصينية: 嗯, بالصينية: 唔), ng (بالصينية: 嗯, بالصينية: 𠮾) are used as interjections.

التهجي

الحروف

الحروف الاستهلالية وكتابة الحدثات

النطق

الحروف التقليدية: 媽(mā)麻(má)馬(mǎ)罵(mà)嗎(·ma) الحروف المبسطة: 妈(mā)麻(má)马(mǎ)骂(mà)吗(·ma)

mā má mǎ mà A sound sample of the four tones هل لديك معضلة في تشغيل هذا الملف،يا ترى؟ انظر مساعدة الوسائط.

The words are "mother", "hemp", "horse", "scold" and a question particle, respectively.

Numerals in place of tone marks

قواعد لوضع علامات التنغيم

حرف "ü"

رسم مقارن

پن‌ين في تايوان

لغات أخرى

انظر أيضا: پن‌ين التبت

مقارنة مع أنواع أخرى من الهاتى

قراءات إضافية

• Gao, J. K. (2005). Pinyin shorthand: a bilingual handbook = [Pinyin su ji fa]. Dallas, TX: Jack Sun. ISBN 1599712512
• Kimball, R. L. (1988). Quick reference Chinese: a practical guide to Mandarin for beginners and travelers in English, Pinyin romanization, and Chinese characters. San Francisco, CA: China Books & Periodicals. ISBN 0835120368
• Wu, C.-j. (1979). The Pinyin Chinese-English dictionary. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. ISBN 0471275573

انظر أيضا

• Chinese Postal Map Romanization
• Combining diacritic marks
• Legge romanization
• List of ISO transliterations
• جدول پن‌ين
• پن‌ين التبت
• Tongyong pinyin
• طريقة پن‌ين
• Erhua (儿化)

المصادر

• Yin Binyong 尹斌庸 and Mary Felley (1990). Chinese Romanization. Pronunciation and Orthography (Hanyu pinyin he zhengcifa 汉语拼音和正词法). Beijing: Sinolingua. ISBN 7-80052-148-6 / ISBN 0-8351-1930-0.

ملاحظات

وصلات خارجية

• Basic Rules of Hanyu Pinyin Orthography by Zhou Yougang