العلاقات الصينية - الهندية

الهند	الصين

العلاقات الصينية الهندية، هي العلاقات الثنائية بين الحكومة الصينية والحكومة الهندية. تاريخياً، ترجع تاريخي العلاقات بين البلدين لأكثر من 2000 سنة، لكن العلاقات الحديثة بدأت في 1950 عندما كانت الهند من أولى البلدان التي بترت علاقاتها الرسمية بتايوان واعترفت بجمهورية الصين الشعبية كحكومة شرعية لبر الصين. تعتبر الصين والهند من أكثر البلدان إكتظاظاً بالسكان وأسرع الاقتصادات الكبرى نمواً في العالم.

مقارنة بين البلدين

التاريخ المبكر

العتيق

السجلات الأولى للاتصال بين الصين والهند كـُتِبت أثناء القرن الثاني ق.م. انتقلت البوذية من الهند إلى الصين في القرن الأول ق.م. العلاقات التجارية عبر طريق الحرير عملت كاتصال اقتصادي بين المنطقتين.

China and India have also had some contact before the transmission of Buddhism. References to a people called the Chinas, توجد في الأدب الهندي القديم. The Indian epic Mahabharata (c. 5th century BCE) contains references to "China", which may have been referring to the Qin state which later became the أسرة چين. Chanakya (c. 350-283 BCE), the prime minister of the Maurya Empire refers to Chinese silk as "cinamsuka" (Chinese silk dress) and "cinapatta" (Chinese silk bundle) in his Arthashastra.

في سجلات المؤرخ العظيم, ژانگ چيان (ت. 113 ق.م.) وسيما چيان (145-90 ق.م.) make references to "Shendu", which may have been referring to the وادي السند (مقاطعة السند في پاكستان الحالية)، originally known as "Sindhu" in Sanskrit. When Yunnan was annexed by the أسرة هان in the 1st century, Chinese authorities reported an Indian "Shendu" community living there.

• لوح طيني، من القرن الثامن، مطبوع عليه حدثات «صورة هندية للبوذا» في شي‌آن.

• تمثال حجري، من القرن 14، لإلهة هندوسية، في تشوان‌ژو.

العصور الوسطى

أُسـَر التاميل

The Cholas maintained good relationship with the Chinese. Arrays of ancient Chinese coins have been found in the Cholas homeland (i.e. Thanjavur, Tiruvarur and Pudukkottai districts of Tamil Nadu, India).

أسرتي تانگ وهارشا

أسرة مينگ

أسرة تشينگ

الحرب السيخية الصينية

In the 18th to 19th centuries, the Sikh Confederacy expanded into neighbouring lands. It had annexed Ladakh into the state of Jammu in 1834. In 1841, they invaded Tibet and overran parts of western Tibet. Chinese forces defeated the Sikh army in December 1841, forcing the Sikh army to withdraw, and in turn entered Ladakh and besieged Leh, where they were in turn defeated by the Sikh Army. At this point, neither side wished to continue the conflict. The Sikhs claimed victory. as the Sikhs were embroiled in tensions with the British that would lead up to the First Anglo-Sikh War, while the Chinese were in the midst of the First Opium War. The two parties signed a treaty in September 1842, which stipulated no transgressions or interference in the other country's frontiers.

الهند البريطانية

استخدمت شركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية الأفيوم المزروع في الهند للتصدير إلى الصين. The British used their Indian sepoys and the British Indian Army in the Opium Wars and Boxer Rebellion against China. They also used Indian soldiers to guard the Foreign concessions in areas like Shanghai. The Chinese slur "Yindu A San" (Indian number three) was used to describe Indian soldiers in British service.

الحرب الصينية السيخية

بعد الاستقلال

الخمسينيات

India established diplomatic relations with the PRC on 1 April 1950, the first non-communist nation to do so.

Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong viewed Tibet as an integral part of the People's Republic of China. The preceding government of the Republic of China under Chiang Kai-shek also claimed Tibet as Chinese territory, however was unable to re-assert control. Chairman Mao saw Indian concern over Tibet as a manifestation of interference in the internal affairs of the PRC. The PRC reasserted control over Tibet and to end Lamaism (Tibetan Buddhism) and feudalism, which it did by force of arms in 1950. To avoid antagonizing the PRC, Nehru informed Chinese leaders that India had no political ambitions or territorial ambitions and did not seek special privileges in Tibet but that traditional trading rights must continue. With Indian support, Tibetan delegates signed an agreement in May 1951 recognizing PRC sovereignty but guaranteeing that the existing political and social system of Tibet would continue.

الستينيات

الحرب الصينية الهندية

Border disputes resulted in a short border war between the People's Republic of China and India on 20 October 1962.^[] The border clash resulted in a defeat of India as the PRC pushed the Indian forces to within forty-eight kilometres of the Assam plains in the northeast. It also occupied strategic points in the Aksai Chin and Demchok regions of Ladakh, before declaring a unilateral cease-fire on 21 November. It claimed that it withdrew to twenty kilometers behind its contended line of control. India disagreed with the claim.

At the time of Sino-Indian border conflict, the India's Communist Party was accused by the Indian government as being pro-PRC, and a large number of its political leaders were jailed. Subsequently, the Communist Party of India (CPI) split with the leftist section^[] forming the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in 1964. CPI(M) held some contacts with the Communist Party of China for some time after the split, but did not fully embrace the political line of Mao Zedong.

Relations between the PRC and India deteriorated during the rest of the 1960s and the early 1970s while theChina–Pakistan relations improved and the Sino-Soviet relations worsened. The PRC backed Pakistan in its 1965 war with India. Between 1967 and 1971, an all-weather road was built across territory claimed by India, linking PRC's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region with Pakistan; India could do no more than protest.

The PRC continued an active propaganda campaign against India and supplied ideological, financial, and other assistance to dissident groups, especially to tribes in northeastern India. The PRC accused India of assisting the Khampa rebels in Tibet.

Sri Lanka played the role of chief negotiator for the withdrawal of Chinese troops from the Indian territory. Both countries agreed to Colombo's proposals.

مناوشات لاحقة

In late 1967, there were two more conflicts between Indian and Chinese forces at their contested border, in Sikkim. The first conflict was dubbed the "Nathu La Incident", and the other the "Cho La Incident".

In September 1967, Chinese and Indian forces clashed at Nathu La. On 11 September, Chinese troops opened fire on a detachment of Indian soldiers tasked with protecting an engineering company that was fencing the North Shoulder of Nathu La. This escalated over the next five days to an exchange of heavy artillery and mortar fire between the Indian and Chinese forces. Sixty-two Indian soldiers were killed.

Soon afterwards, Indian and Chinese forces clashed again in the Chola incident. On 1 October 1967, some Indian and Chinese soldiers had an argument over the control of a boulder at the Chola outpost in Sikkim (then a protectorate of India), triggering a fight that escalated to a mortar and heavy machine gun duel. Onعشرة October, both sides again exchanged heavy fire. While Indian forces would sustain eighty-eight troops killed in action with another 163 troops wounded, China would suffer less casualties, with 32 killed and 91 wounded in Nathu La, as well as forty in Chola.

السبعينيات

الثمانينيات

التسعينيات

ع2000

ع2010

وفي 28 يوليو2017، أفادت صحيفة الشعب الصينية حتى الرأي العام الصيني غاضب على غلاف إنديا توداي، المجلة الحكومية الهندية، الذي صوّر خريطة الصين، بدون التبت، على شكل دجاجة، وخريطة باكستان ككتكوت يسير خلفها. المتحدث الرسمي باسم وزارة الخارجية الصينية يرفض التعليق. الهند تواصل استفزاز الصين، على أمل حتى يعيد الرئيس الأمريكي ترمب منح فيزات العمل المؤقت H1 التي كانت تــُـمنح لنحو100,000 هندي اضافي سنوياً. وقف تلك الفيزات يقتل صناعة تكنولوجيا المعلومات الهندية، التي هي قاطرة نموالاقتصاد الهندي الكسيح.

في 13 مارس 2019، منعت الصين مجلس الأمن من اصدار قرار يدين منظمة جيش محمد الساعية لتحرير كشمير. هذا هوالانتقام الأمثل للصين من مشاركة الهند في الدوريات الغربية في بحر الصين الجنوبي.

انظر أيضاً

العلاقات الصينية الهندية

• صينيون هنود شعوب من أصل هندي-صيني
• بريكس - البرازيل، روسيا، الهند، الصين وجنوب أفريقيا
• China in the Mahabharata
• الصين-الهند - الصين والهند معاً إجمالاً، وخاصة اقتصادهما
• منظمة تعاون شنغهاي

نزاعات حدودية

• قائمة النزاعات الحدودية
• نزاع الحدود الصينية الهندية
• Arunachal Pradesh - تحت ادارة الهند وتطالب بها الصين.
• Tawang District - تحت ادارة الهند وتطالب بها الصين.
• Aksai Chin - تحت ادارة الصين وتطالب بها الهند.
• وادي شاكسگام، تحت ادارة الصين وتطالب به الهند

المصادر

قراءات إضافية

• Cardenal, Juan Pablo; Araújo, Heriberto (2011). . Barcelona: Crítica. pp. 243–257. (بالإسپانية)
• Chellaney, Brahma, "Rising Powers, Rising Tensions: The Troubled China-India Relationship," SAIS Review (2012) 32#2 pp. 99–108 in Project MUSE
• Garver, John W. Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century. University of Washington Press: 2002. ISBN 0-295-98074-5.
• Lu, Chih H.. The Sino-Indian Border Dispute: A Legal Study. Greenwood Press: 1986. ISBN 0-313-25024-3.
• Hellström, Jerker and Korkmaz, Kaan "Managing Mutual Mistrust: Understanding Chinese Perspectives on Sino-Indian Relations", Swedish Defence Research Agency (September 2011)
• China’s Response to a Rising India, Q&A with M. Taylor Fravel (October 2011)
• Strategic Asia 2011-12: Asia Responds to Its Rising Powers - China and India, edited by Ashley J. Tellis, Travis Tanner, and Jessica Keough (National Bureau of Asian Research, 2011)
• Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). "Past, present and future commercial Sino-Indian links via Sikkim," in: China's Ancient Tea Horse Road. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2
• India’s Response to a Rising China: Economic and Strategic Challenges and Opportunities, Q&A with Harsh V. Pant (August 2011)
• Frankel, Francine R., and Harry Harding. The India-China Relationship: What the United States Needs to Know. Columbia University Press: 2004. ISBN 0-231-13237-9.
• Sen, Tansen. Buddhism, Diplomacy, and Trade: The Realignment of Sino-Indian Relations, 600-1400. University of Hawaii Press: 2003. ISBN 0-8248-2593-4.
• Sidhu, Waheguru Pal Singh, and Jing Dong Yuan. China and India: Cooperation or Conflict? Lynne Rienner Publishers: 2003. ISBN 1-58826-169-7.
• Varadarajan, S. India, China and the Asian Axis of Oil, January 2006
• The India-China Relationship:What we need to know?, January 2006
• Dalal, JS: The Sino-Indian Border Dispute: India's Current Options. Master's Thesis, June 1993.
• Deepak, BR & Tripathi, D P [2] "India China Relations - Future Perspectives", Vij Books, July 2012

وصلات خارجية

منطقات

• India-China Relations: Issues, Trends and Emerging Scenarios by B.M. Jain

أخبار

• India-China relations: Ten-pronged strategy (rediff.com)-November 21, 2006
• India, China to set up hotline (hindu.com)
• Why China is playing hardball in Arunachal, Daily News & Analysis
• China, India, and the fruits of Nehru's folly by Venkatesan Vembu, Daily News & Analysis, June 6, 2007