دولة حيدر أباد
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دولة حيدر أباد
حیدر آباد
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| 1724–1948 | |||||||||
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الفهم
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| العاصمة | حيدر أباد | ||||||||
| الحكومة | إمارة | ||||||||
| النظام | |||||||||
• 1720-48 (first) |
آصف جاه الأول | ||||||||
• 1911-48 (last) |
آصف جاه السابع | ||||||||
| التاريخ | |||||||||
• تأسست |
1724 | ||||||||
• شـُمـَّت إلى الهند |
18 سبتمبر 1948 | ||||||||
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حيدر أباد وبرر النطق (بالتلوگو: హైదరాబాదు, أردو: حیدر آباد) تحت حكم النظامات، كانت أكبر دولة أميرية فيما كان يـُدعى الامبراطورية الهندية. منطقة بـِرَر فيما هواليوم ڤيداربها في مهارشترا تم ضمها إلى المقاطعات الوسطى Central Provinces في 1903، ليشكلا المقاطعات الوسطى وبرر.
دولة حيدر أباد كانت تقع في جنوب-وسط شبه القارة الهندية من 1724 حتى 1948، حكمها نظام وراثي. وأثناء تقسيم الهند في 1947، أعرب نظام حيدر اباد نواياه بعدم الإنضمام إلى أي من الكيانين المشكلين حديثاً الهند أوپاكستان. الهند أحست بالمشكلة التي قد يؤدي إليها موقا النظام، فأطلقت العملية پولوالتي نتج عنها امتصاص حيدر أباد في الاتحاد الهندي، في 1948.
التاريخ
Hyderabad was founded by the Qutb Shahi dynasty of Golconda. In 1686 the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb campaigned in the Deccan to overcome the Marathas and conquer the independent Deccan states. Before the campaign, the Mughals had controlled the northwestern Deccan, including Khandesh and Berar, but Mughal control ended at the Godavari River. Aurangzeb conquered Golconda and Bijapur in 1687, extending Mughal control south of the Krishna River.
The Mughal Empire began to weaken during the reign of Aurangzeb's grandson, Muhammad Shah. A Mughal official, Asif Jah, treacherously defeated a rival Mughal governor to seize control of the empire's southern provinces, declaring himself Nizam-al-Mulk of Hyderabad in 1724. The Mughal emperor, under renewed attack from the Marathas, was unable to prevent it.
The Nizams patronized Islamic art, culture and literature and had a railway system called The Nizam's Government State Railways. Sharia-The Islamic Religious Law Code, was the guiding principle of the Nizams' official machinery.
أثناء الراج البريطاني
The seniormost (21-gun) princely state in British India, Hyderabad was an 82,000 square mile (212,000 km²) region in the Deccan ruled by the Asif Jahi dynasty, who had the title of Nizam and was bestowed the title of His Exalted Highness by the British Empire. The Nizam had a penchant for setting up institutions in the name of the dynasty. He set up schools, colleges, madrasas (Islamic Seminaries) and a University that imparted education in Urdu. Inspired by the elite and prestigious ICS (Indian Civil Service), he started HCS (Hyderabad Civil Service). The pace with which he amassed wealth made him to be the world's richest men in the 1930s, (Time cover story Feb. 22, 1937). Carrying a gift, called Nazrana in the local dialect, in accordance with one's net worth while meeting Nizam was a de facto necessity.
بعد الراج البريطاني (1947-48)
When India gained independence in 1947, the British, left the choice of independence or unification up to the local rulers of the princely states. The Muslim ruler of Hyderbad, the last Nizam, wished to remain independent. First he tried to declare Hyderabad as a part of Pakistan but the British government did not allow this. Later in the same year, he announced his intention to become independent.
حيدر اباد اليوم
In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States, the state of Hyderabad was split up between Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka. The last Nizam, Mir Osman Ali Khan, died in 1967.
Administratively, Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts, grouped into four divisions. Aurangabad division included Aurangabad, Beed, Nanded, and Parbhani districts; Gulbargah (Gulbargah) division included Bidar District, Gulbarga, Osmanabad District, and Raichur District; Gulshanabad District or Medak division included Atraf-i-Baldah, Mahbubnagar, Medak, Nalgonda (Nalgundah), and Nizamabad districts, and Warangal division included Adilabad, Karimnagar, and Warangal districts
Urdu (in particular, the unique Dakhani dialect),Telugu, Marathi and Kannada are the important languages spoken in Hyderabad and Andhra Pradesh today.
The political party MIM (Majlis-Ittehadul-Muslimeen, founded by Bahadur Yar Jung enjoys prominent support amongst Muslims.
طالع أيضاً
- Hyderabad (India) for the Indian city.
- Nizam for a list of Nizams and other information.
- Operation Polo the military operation that resulted in the unification of Hyderabad state into India.
- List of Indian Princely States
المصادر
- Zubrzycki, John. (2006) The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback. Pan Macmillan, Australia. ISBN 978-0-3304-2321-2.
(1911)
وصلات خارجية
- Hyderabad: A Qur'anic Paradise in Architectural Metaphors
- From the Sundarlal Report - Muslim Genocide in 1948
- Of a massacre untold
- Manolya's legal fight
- About Razakars and Islamic ambitions
- Hyderabad
- Guide to Contemporary Hyderabad
- Genealogy of the Nizams of Hyderabad
- Article on some aspects of life in erstwhile Hyderabad state
- Renaming villages by the Nizam
