ناواتل

ناواتل; Nahuatl
	مكسيكانو، ناواتل، وأخرى
	إمراة من الناومن فلورنتين كودكس. زخرفة الكلام تدل على أنها تتحدث.
موطنها	المكسيك والسلڤادور
المنطقة	ولاية مكسيكو، پويپلا، ڤيراكروز، هيدالگو، گريرو، مورلوس، تلاسكالا، واخاكا، ميتشواكان، دورانگو،; والمهاجرون في الولايات المتحدة، السلڤادور، گواتيمالا، وكندا
العرق	شعوب الناوا
الناطقون الأصليون	1.45 مليون (2000)
عائلة اللغات	الاوتو-آزتية الآزتية الآزتية العامة ناواتل; Nahuatl; ; ;
الصيغة المبكرة	Proto-Nahuan
اللهجات	Western Peripheral Nahuatl; Eastern Peripheral Nahuatl; Huastecan Nahuatl; Central Nahuatl; Pipil Nahuat;
الوضع الرسمي
لغة رسمية في	المكسيك
ينظمها	المعهد الوطني للغات الأصلية
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-2	nah
ISO 639-3	nci الناواتل الكلاسيكية; للهجات المعاصرة، انظر قائمة لغات الناواتل.
	This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For a guide to IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

الناواتل Nahuatl، (النطق بالناهواتل: [ˈnaːwatɬ] ( استمع), مع التشديد على المبتر الأول من الحدثة)، هي فرع الناوي من اللغات الاوتو-آزتية. يتحدث بها ما يقارب 1.5 مليون من شعوب الناوا، معظمهم يعيشون في وسط المكسيك؛ من يعيش منهم في السلڤادور، يُعهدون بشعوب الپيپل. جميع اللغات الناوية هي لغات أصلية في وسط أمريكا.

الناواتل في اللغات الاوتو-آزتية

التاريخ

ما قبل كولمبس

الفترة الإستعمارية

Page 51 of Book IX from the Florentine Codex. The text is in Nahuatl written with a Latin script.

الفترة المعاصرة

المتحدثون بالناواتل أكبر منخمسة سنوات في الدول التسعة حسب أكثر عدد من المتحدثين (بيانات تعداد 2000). أرقام مطلقة ونسبية. النسب المئوية الواردة مقارنة بإجمالي السكان في الولاية اللقاءة. المصدر: INEGI (2005:4).
المنطقة	الاجمالي	النسبة المئوية
المنطقة الاتحادية	37,450	0.44%
گريرو	136,681	4.44%
هيدالگو	221,684	9.92%
ولاية مكسيكو	55,802	0.43%
موريلوس	18,656	1.20%
واخاكا	10,979	0.32%
پويپلا	416,968	8.21%
سان لويز پوتوسي	138,523	6.02%
تلاسكالا	23,737	2.47%
ڤراكروز	338,324	4.90%
بقية أنحاء المكسيك	50,132	0.10%
الإجمالي:	1,448,937	1.49%

التوزيع الجغرافي

خريطة توضح مناطق وسط أمريكا حيث تستخدم لغة الناواتل اليوم (بالأبيض) وحيث كانت تستخدم تاريخياً (بالرمادي).

التصنيف الفرعي لللهجات الناواتل

التسمية

فهم اللهجات

الاوتو-آزتية 5000 سنة مضت^*
- الآزتية 2000 سنة مضت (AKA Nahuan)
  - Pochutec † ساحل واخاكا
  - الآزتية العامة (تضم الناواتل)
    - Western Periphery Dialects of Durango (Mexicanero), Michoacán, Western Mexico state, extinct dialects of Colima and Nayarit
    - Eastern Periphery Pipil language and dialects of Sierra de Puebla, southern Veracruz and Tabasco (Isthmus dialects)
    - Huasteca Dialects of northern Puebla, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí and northern Veracruz
    - Center Dialects of central Puebla, Tlaxcala, central Veracruz, Morelos, Mexico state, central and southern Guerrero

فهم الأصوات

الأصوات

الحروف الساكنة في الناواتل الكلاسيكية
	شفهي	Alveolar		غاري	طبقي		حنجري
	شفهي	central	lateral	غاري	plain	labialized	حنجري
أنفي	m	n
انفجاري	p	t			k	kʷ	ʔ
Affricate		ts	tɬ	tʃ
استمراري		s	l	ʃ			(h)*
Semivowel				j		w

الحروف المتحركة في الناواتل الكلاسيكية
	Front		Central		Back
	long	short	long	short	long	short
Close	iː	i			oː	o
Mid	eː	e			oː	o
Open			aː	a

الألوفون

النُطق

الإنتاج

النحو

الأسماء

الاسم المفرد:

/kojo-tl/

ذئب البراري-ABSOLUTIVE

"ذئب البراري" (الناواتل الكلاسيكية)

الاسم الجمع:

/kojo-meh/

ذئب البراري-PLURAL

"ذئاب البراري" (الناواتل الكلاسيكية)

الاسم الجمع:

/ko:-kojo-h/

REDUPLذئب البراري-PLURAL

"ذئاب البراري" (الناواتل الكلاسيكية)

الاسم المطلق:

/kal-li/

منزل-ABSOLUTIVE

"منزل" (الناواتل الكلاسيكية)

ضمير الملكية:

/no-kal/

منزلي

"منزلي" (الناواتل الكلاسيكية)

ضمير الملكية للجمع:

/no-kal-wa:n/

منازلنا-PLURAL

"منازلنا" (الناواتل الكلاسيكية)

no-pan

my-in/on

"in/on me" (الناواتل الكلاسيكية)

iː-pan

its-in/on

"in/on it" (الناواتل الكلاسيكية)

iː-pan kal-li

إنها في المنزل-ABSOLUTIVE

"في منزلي" (الناواتل الكلاسيكية)

kal-pan

المنزل-في

"في المنزل" (الناواتل الكلاسيكية)

الضمائر

First person plural pronoun in Classical Nahuatl:

tehwaːntin "we"

First person plural pronouns in Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuat:

nejamēn ([nehameːn]) "We but not you"

tejamēn ([tehameːn]) "We including you (and others)"

Much more common is an honorific/non-honorific distinction, usually applied to second and third persons but not first.

Non-honorific forms:

tehwaːtl "you sg."

amehwaːntin "you pl."

yehwatl "he/she/it"

Honorific forms

tehwaːtzin "you sg. honorific"

amehwaːntzitzin "you pl. honorific"

yehwaːtzin "he/she honorific"

الأفعال

الصيغة الشائعة للأفعال:

ti-mo-tlaːlo-a

you-yourself-run-PRESENT

"you run"(Classical Nahuatl)

Honorific verbal form:

ti-mo-tlaːlo-tsino-a

you-yourself-run-HONORIFIC-PRESENT

"You run"(said with respect) (Classical Nahuatl)

بناء الجملة

newal no-nobia

أنا خاطب

"My fiancée "(and not anyone else's) (Michoacán Nahual)

ظاهرة الاتصال

المفردات

The Aztecs called (red) tomatoes xitōmatl, whereas the green tomatillo was called tōmatl; the latter is the source for the English word "tomato".

الكتابة والأدب

الكتابة

The placenames Mapachtepec ("Raccoon Hill"), Mazatlan ("Deer Place") and Huitztlan ("Thorn Place") written in the Aztec writing system. From the Codex Mendoza.

الأدب

الأساليب

نص مبسط

انظر أيضاً

Vocabulario manual de las lenguas castellana y mexicana (a Spanish-Nahuatl dictionary)
Vocabulario trilingüe (dictionary of Spanish, Latin, and Nahuatl)

الهوامش

^ INEGI 2005:3
^ "Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas homepage".
^ نطقب:Cite web)
^ Based on Lastra de Suárez 1986; Fowler 1985.
^ Wolgemuth 2002:35
^ Sischo 1979:314

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Macri, Martha J. (2003). "Nahua in ancient Mesoamerica: Evidence from Maya inscriptions". Ancient Mesoamerica. London and New York: Cambridge University Press. 14 (2): 285–297. doi:10.1017/S0956536103142046. OCLC 89805456. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Merrill, W. L.; Hard, R. J.; Mabry, J. B.; Fritz, G. J.; Adams, K. R.; Roney, J. R.; Macwilliams, A. C. (2010). "Reply to Hill and Brown: Maize and Uto-Aztecan cultural history". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (11): E35–E36. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000923107.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

(1993) [1547 MS.]. . de enero de 1547, 2 vols. (Facsimile edition of original MS.)|format= requires |url= (help). Ascensión León-Portilla and Miguel León-Portilla (introd., transliteration, and notes). Madrid: Ediciones de Cultura Hispánica, Instituto de Cooperación Iberoamericana. ISBN . OCLC 165270583.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (بالإسپانية)

Pasztory, Esther (1993). "An Image Is Worth a Thousand Words: Teotihuacan and the Meanings of Style in Classic Mesoamerica". In Don Stephen Rice (ed.) (ed.). Latin American horizons: a symposium at Dumbarton Oaks, 11th and 12th October 1986. Washington DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, Trustees for Harvard University. pp. 113–146. ISBN . OCLC 25872400.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)

Pellicer, Dora (2006). "Legislating diversity in twenty-first century Mexico". In Margarita G. Hidalgo (ed.) (ed.). Mexican Indigenous Languages at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century. Contributions to the Sociology of Language, no. 91. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 127–168. ISBN . OCLC 62090844. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)

Pharao Hansen, Magnus (2010). "Polysynthesis in Hueyapan Nahuatl: The Status of Noun Phrases, Basic Word Order, and Other Concerns". Anthropological Linguistics. University of Nebraska Press. 52 (3): 274–299.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

(1885) [1595]. (PDF facsimile, University of Chicago Library digital collections) (Reprinted 1885 under the care of Dr. Antonio Peñafiel ed.). México D.F.: Oficina tip. de la Secretaría de fomento. OCLC 162761360.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (بالإسپانية)

Rolstad, Kellie (2002). "Language death in Central Mexico: The decline of Spanish-Nahuatl bilingualism and the new bilingual maintenance programs". The Bilingual Review/La revista bilingüe. Tempe: Hispanic Research Center, Arizona State University. 26 (1): 3–18. ISSN 0094-5366. OCLC 1084374.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

(1950–82) [ca. 1540–85]. Florentine Codex: General History of the Things of New Spain, 13 vols. vols. I-XII. Charles E. Dibble and Arthur J.O. Anderson (eds., trans., notes and illus.) (translation of Historia General de las Cosas de la Nueva España ed.). Santa Fe, NM and Salt Lake City: School of American Research and the University of Utah Press. ISBN . OCLC 276351.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

(1997) [ca.1558–61]. Primeros Memoriales. The Civilization of the American Indians Series vol. 200, part 2. Thelma D. Sullivan (English trans. and paleography of Nahuatl text), with H.B. Nicholson, Arthur J.O. Anderson, Charles E. Dibble, Eloise Quiñones Keber, and Wayne Ruwet (completion, revisions, and ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN . OCLC 35848992.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Sischo, William R. (1979). "Michoacán Nahual". In Ronald W. Langacker (ed.) (ed.). Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, no. 56. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 307–380. ISBN . OCLC 6086368.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)

Suárez, Jorge A. (1977). "La influencia del español en la estructura gramatical del náhuatl". Anuario de Letras. Revista de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras. Ciudad Universitaria, México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Centro de Linguística Hispánica. 15: 115–164. ISSN 0185-1373. OCLC 48341068.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (بالإسپانية)

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Sullivan, Thelma D. (1988). Compendium of Náhuatl Grammar. Thelma D. Sullivan and Neville Stiles (trans.), Wick R. Miller and Karen Dakin (eds.) (English translation of Compendio de la gramática náhuatl ed.). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN . OCLC 17982711.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Tuggy, David H. (1979). "Tetelcingo Náhuatl". In Ronald Langacker (ed.) (ed.). Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, no. 56. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. pp. 1–140. ISBN . OCLC 6086368.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)

Voegelin, Charles F. (1962). Typological and Comparative Grammar of Uto-Aztecan I: Phonology (Supplement to International Journal of American linguistics, vol. 28, no. 1)|format= requires |url= (help). Indiana University publications in anthropology and linguistics, Memoir 17. Baltimore MD: Waverly Press. OCLC 55576894. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

(1993). "Pitch Tone and the "Saltillo" in Modern and Ancient Nahuatl". International Journal of American Linguistics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 59 (2): 165–223. doi:10.1086/466194. OCLC 1753556. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

(1998). "A conservative look at diffusion involving Mixe–Zoquean languages". In Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs (eds.) (ed.). Archaeology and Language, vol. II: Correlating archaeological and linguistic hypotheses. One World Archaeology series, no. 29. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN . OCLC 35673530.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: editors list (link)

Wimmer, Alexis (2006). "Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique" (online version, incorporating reproductions from Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl ou mexicaine [1885], by Rémi Siméon). Retrieved 2008-02-04.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (بالفرنسية) نطقب:Nah icon

Wolgemuth, Carl (2002). (PDF online edition). Sharon Stark and Albert Bickford (online eds.) (2nd ed.). México D.F.: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. ISBN . OCLC 51555383.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

قراءات إضافية

قواميس الناواتل الكلاسيكية

de Molina, Fray Alonso: Vocabulario en Lengua Castellana y Mexicana y Mexicana y Castellana. [1555] Reprint: Porrúa México 1992
Karttunen, Frances, An analytical dictionary of Náhuatl. Univ. of Oklahoma Press, Norman 1992
Siméon, Rémi: Diccionario de la Lengua Náhuatl o Mexicana. [Paris 1885] Reprint: México 2001

نحوالناواتل الكلاسيكية

Carochi, Horacio. Grammar of the Mexican Language: With an Explanation of its Adverbs (1645) Translated by James Lockhart. Stanford University Press. 2001.
Lockhart, James: Nahuatl as written: lessons in older written Nahuatl, with copious examples and texts, Stanford 2001
Sullivan, Thelma: Compendium of Nahuatl Grammar, Univ. of Utah Press, 1988.
Campbell, Joe and Frances Karttunen, Foundation course in Náhuatl grammar. Austin 1989
Launey, Michel. Introducción a la lengua y a la literatura Náhuatl. México D.F.: UNAM. 1992 (Spanish); An Introduction to Classical Nahuatl [English translation/adaptation by Christopher Mackay], 2011, Cambridge University Press.
Andrews, J. Richard. Introduction to Classical Nahuatl University of Oklahoma Press: 2003 (revised edition)

لهجات معاصرة

Ronald W. Langacker (ed.): Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar 2: Modern Aztec Grammatical Sketches, Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics, 56. Dallas, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington, pp. 1–140. ISBN 0-88312-072-0. OCLC 6086368. 1979. (Contains studies of Nahuatl from Michoacan, Tetelcingo, Huasteca and North Puebla)
Canger, Una. Mexicanero de la Sierra Madre Occidental, Archivo de Lenguas Indígenas de México, #24. México D.F.: El Colegio de México. ISBN 968-12-1041-7. OCLC 49212643. 2001 (Spanish)
Campbell, Lyle. The Pipil Language of El Salvador, Mouton Grammar Library (No. 1). Berlin: Mouton Publishers. 1985. ISBN 0-89925-040-8. OCLC 13433705.
Wolgemuth, Carl. , 2nd edition. 2002. (بالإسپانية)

متفرقات

The Nahua Newsletter: edited by the Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies of the Indiana University (Chief Editor Alan Sandstrom)
Estudios de Cultura Náhuatl: special interest-yearbook of the Instituto de Investigaciones Historicas (IIH) of the Universidad Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ed.: Miguel Leon Portilla
A Catalogue of Pre-1840 Nahuatl Works Held by The Lilly Library from The Indiana University Bookman No. 11. November, 1973: 69–88.