هولودومور

موضوعات عن الهولودومور
خلفية تاريخية
	Famines in Russia and USSR • المجاعة السوڤيتية 1932–1933
الحكومة السوڤيتية
	Institutions: All-Union Communist Party (Bolshevik) • Communist Party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine • Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic • Government of the Soviet Union • Secret police;
	Policies: ; First Five-Year Plan • Collectivization in the Ukrainian SSR • Dekulakization • Law of Spikelets • Reversal of Ukrainization policies • Propaganda in the Soviet Union
الأطراف المسئولة
	الاتحاد السوڤيتي: يوسف ستالين • Vyacheslav Molotov • Lazar Kaganovich • Pavel Postyshev • Stanislav Kosior • Vlas Chubar • الحزب الشيوعي • NKVD •
Investigation and comprehension
	1984 International Commission • 1985 USA Commission • Causes of the Holodomor • Denial • Genocide question • الهولودومور في السياسات المعاصرة

هولودومور
هولودومور; Голодомор
البلد	الاتحاد السوڤيتي
المسقط	جمهورية اوكرانيا الإشتراكية السوڤيتية
الفترة	1932–1933
إجمالي الوفيات	2.4 - 7.5 مليون (تقديرات الفهماء); 4.5 مليون،عشرة مليون (انادىءات أخرى)
الرصد	اعتبرت تطهير عرقي من قبل ثلاثة عشر دولة معاصرة. جزء من المجاعة السوڤيتية 1932-1933.
الإنقاذ	Relief prohibited by state
التبعات	Forced collectivisation

هولودومور Holodomor (بالاوكرانية: Голодомор, 'Морити голодом'، ترجمتها الحرفية القتل بالجوع) كانت مجاعة حدثت في اوكرانيا السوڤيتية ما بين 1932 و1933. أثناء المجاعة والتي عهدت وقتها باسم "الإرهاب-المجاعة في اوكرانيا" و"الماجعة-التطهير العرقي في اوكرانيا"، في الموسم الزراعي 1932 - 1933. في ذات الفترة كانت المجاعات تعصف ببقاع أخرى أيضاً من الاتحاد السوڤيتي. تعتبر مجاعة هولودومور أحد أسوأ الكوارث في التاريخ الأوكراني، وأحد أسوأ معالم فترة حكم ستالين، حيث تشير التقديرات إلى حتى ما بين 2.2 و3.5 مليون قد ماتوا في هذه المجاعة، كما حتى البعض يطرح أرقاماً أعلى من ذلك بكثير.

أوكرانيا كانت تعتبر بمثابة سلة خبز أوروبا قبل المجاعة.أسباب المجاعة هي موضع جدل فهمي وسياسي كبيرين، فبعض المؤرخين يعتبرون المجاعة مدبرة من قبل السلطات السوفييتية لاستهداف النزعة الوطنية الأوكرانية، آخرون يرون أنها نتيجة غير مقصودة للمشكلات الاقتصادية التي سببتها التغييرات الاقتصادية في حقبة تحويل السوفييت إلى الاقتصاد الصناعي. كما حتى هناك من يعزوالمجاعة بالأساس إلى مسببات طبيعية.

وقد أقر البرلمان والحكومة الأوكرانيان وعدد من الدول الأخرى اعتبار الأحداث التي أدت إلى المجاعة بمثابة أفعال إبادة جماعية، رغم عدم وجود إجماع دولي حول ذلك.

الاعتراف القانوني

التاريخ

الأسباب

الانتهاكات

الضحايا

Incidence of Disease in Russian Empire and USSR
السنة	التيفود	حمى التيفود	الحمى الراجعة	الجدري	الملاريا
1913	120	424	30	67	3600
1918-22	1300	293	639	106	2940 (متوسط)
1929	40	170	6	8	3000
1930	60	190	5	10	2700
1931	80	260	4	30	3200
1932	220	300	12	80	4500
1933	800	210	12	38	6500
1934	410	200	10	16	9477
1935	120	140	6	4	9924
1936	100	120	3	0.5	6500

Declassified Soviet statistics
السنة	المواليد	الوفيات	التغير الطبيعي
1927	1184	523	661
1928	1139	496	643
1929	1081	539	542
1930	1023	536	487
1931	975	515	460
1932	782	668	114
1933	471	1850	-1379
1934	571	483	88
1935	759	342	417
1936	895	361	534

التطهير العرقي

البلدان التي أقرت الهولودومور كتطهير عرقي

الإنكار الغربي والسوڤيتي

في السياسات المعاصرة

One of the interpretations of The Running Man painting by Kazimir Malevich, also known as Peasant Between a Cross and a Sword, is the artist's indictment of the Great Famine. "Kasimir Malevich's haunting 'The Running Man' (1933-34), showing a peasant fleeing across a deserted landscape, is eloquent testimony to the disaster."

الذكرى

Viktor Yanukovych and Dmitry Medvedev near Memorial to the Holodomor Victims in Kiev

الذكرى خارج اوكرانيا

كندا

الولايات المتحدة

معرض الصور

حدث "اضاءة الشموع" في ذكرى الهولودومور في كييڤ
نصب تذكاري في كييڤ
صليب تذكاري في Kharkiv، اوكرانيا
Memorial at the Andrushivka village cemetery, Vinnytsia Oblast, اوكرانيا
Memorial in Poltava Oblast, اوكرانيا
Memorial cross in Dnipropetrovsk, اوكرانيا
Monument to victims of Holodomor in Novoaydar, Luhansk Oblast, اوكرانيا
Roman Kowal's Holodomor Memorial in Winnipeg, كندا
1983 Holodomor Monument in Edmonton, كندا (الأول في العالم)
نصب تذكاري بالقرب من شيكاغو، إلينوي، الولايات المتحدة
نصب تذكاري في وينسدور، اونتاريو، كندا
Holodomor Monument in Calgary, كندا
Poster by Australian artist Leonid Denysenko
طابع اوكراني، عام 1993.
British protestor in central London calls for a British Holodomor remembrance day

انظر أيضاً

Bloodlands: Europe Between Stalin and Hitler
Great Leap Forward
مجاعة-33
The Soviet Story

هوامش

^ Davies, Norman (2006). . London: Jonathan Cape. p. 145. ISBN .
^ Baumeister, Roy (1999). . Macmillan. p. 179. ISBN .
^ Sternberg, Robert (2008). . Cambridge University Press. p. 67. ISBN .
^ http://arabic.rnw.nl/currentaffairs/cur24120601
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة HowMany
^ Dmytro Horbachov, Fullest Expression of Pure feeling, Welcome to Ukraine, 1998, No 1.
^ Andrew Wilson, "The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation", Yale University Press, 2002, ISBN 0-300-09309-8, p.144

قراءات إضافية

إعلانات وقوانين

Findings of the Commission on the Ukraine Famine, U.S. Commission on the Ukraine Famine, Report to Congress. Adopted by the Commission, 19 April 1988
Joint declaration at the United Nations in connection with 70th anniversary of the Great Famine in Ukraine 1932-1933
Address of the Verkhovna Rada to the Ukrainian nation on commemorating the victims of Holodomor 1932-1933 (in Ukrainian)

خط ومنطقات

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وصلات خارجية

اقرأ نصاً ذا علاقة في

Joint Statement on Holodomor

"Gareth Jones' international exposure of the Holodomor, plus many related background articles". Retrieved 2006-07-05.
(اوكرانية) Famine in Ukraine 1932–1933 at the Central State Archive of Ukraine (photos, links)
Yaroslav Bilinsky, Was the Ukrainian Famine of 1932-1933 Genocide?, Journal of Genocide Research , 1(2), pages= 147-156 (June 1999), available at external site
Stanislav Kulchytsky, , October 2005.
(إنگليزية) Stanislav Kulchytsky, "Why did Stalin exterminate the Ukrainians? Comprehending the Holodomor. The position of Soviet historians" - Six part series from Den: Part 1, Part 2, Part 3, Part 4, Part 5, Part 6; Kulchytsky on Holodomor 1-6
(بالروسية)/(اوكرانية) Valeriy Soldatenko, "A starved 1933: subjective thoughts on objective processes", Zerkalo Nedeli, 28 June - أربعة July 2003. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
(بالروسية)/(اوكرانية) Stanislav Kulchytsky's articles in Zerkalo Nedeli, Kiev, Ukraine"
- "How many of us perish in Holodomor on 1933", 23 November 2002 - 29 November 2002. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- "Reasons of the 1933 famine in Ukraine. Through the pages of one almost forgotten book" August 16–22, 2003. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- "Reasons of the 1933 famine in Ukraine-2", أربعة October 2003 -عشرة October 2003. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- "Demographic losses in Ukraine in the twentieth century", 2 October 2004 -ثمانية October 2004. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
- "Holodomor-33: Why and how?" 25 November - 1 December. Available online in Russian and in Ukrainian.
UKRAINIAN FAMINE Revelations from the Russian Archives at the Library of Congress
Photos of Holodomor by Sergei Melnikoff
The General Committee decided this afternoon not to recommend the inclusion of an item on the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Great Famine (Holodomor) of 1932-1933 in Ukraine.
Case Study: The Great Ukrainian Famine of 1932-33 By Nicolas Werth / CNRS - France
Holomodor - Famine in Soviet Ukraine 1932-1933
Famine in the Soviet Union 1929-1934 - collection of archive materials
Holodomor: The Secret Holocaust in Ukraine - official site of the Security Service of Ukraine
CBC program about the Great Hunger
Caryle Murphy (1 October 1983). "Ukrainian Americans Commemorate Famine in Homeland 50 Years Ago". The Washington Post.
People's war 1917-1932 by Kiev city organization "Memorial"

	Countries which officially recognize the Holodomor as genocide
أندورا · الأرجنتين · أستراليا · كندا · تشيلي · كولومبيا · التشيك · إكوادور · إستونيا · جورجيا · المجر · إيطاليا · لاتڤيا · لتوانيا · المكسيك · پاراگواي · پيرو · بولندا · سلوفاكيا · إسپانيا · أوكرانيا · الولايات المتحدة · الڤاتيكان

^ There seems to be a disagreement between branches of Ukrainian government over the issue. See Holodomor genocide question#Genocide debate: Ukrainian position for details