لغة گجراتي
| گجراتي Gujarati | |
|---|---|
| ગુજરાતી Gujarātī | |
| النطق | /ɡudʒ(ə)ˈɾat̪i/ |
| موطنها | الهند |
| المنطقة | گجرات |
| العرق | گجراتيون، الكير |
الناطقون الأصليون |
49 مليون (2007) |
عائلة اللغات |
الهندو-اوروپية
|
نظام الكتابة |
نقش گجراتي، كان يستخدم النقش الدنڤانگاري قبل انتشار النقش الگجراتي، وكان يستخدم أيضاً النقش العربي، حيث يستخدمه المجتمع الإسماعيلي ومجتمعات گجراتية أخرى، وخاصة في پاكستان. |
| الوضع الرسمي | |
لغة رسمية في |
گجرات (الهند) دامان وديو(الهند) دادرا ونگر هاڤـِلي (الهند) |
| أكواد اللغات | |
| ISO 639-1 | gu |
| ISO 639-2 | guj |
| ISO 639-3 | guj |
|
توزيع المتحدثون بالگجراتي كلغة أصلية في الهند
| |
اللغة الگجراتي (Gujarati، گجراتي: ગુજરાતી Gujarātī)، هي لغة هندية آرية، وجزء من عائلة اللغات الهندية الأوروپية.
يتحدث بالگجراتية حوالي 65.5 مليون إنسان في العالم، لتصبح اللغة رقم 26 من حيث عدد المتحدثين الأصليين في العالم مع الرومانية والسندية. كانت الگجراتية اللغة الأولى للمهاتما غاندي، "أبوالأمة الهندية"، وسردار ڤالابهبهاي پاتـِل، "الرجل الحديدي في الهند".
التاريخ
محمد علي جناح ومهاتما غاندي في مومباي، 1944، for ill-fated political talks. These two prime political figures of the Indian subcontinent in the 20th century were Gujaratis and thus native speakers of the Gujarati language. For Jinnah, Gujarati did not factor beyond that of a mother tongue. He was neither born nor raised in گجرات, and Gujarat did not end up a part of Pakistan, the state he espoused. He went on to advocate for solely Urdu in his politics. For Gandhi, Gujarati served as a medium of literary expression. He helped to inspire a renewal in its literature, and in 1936 he introduced the current spelling convention at the Gujarati Literary Society's 12th meeting.
التغييرات الرئيسية من اللغة السنسكريتية:
-
Phonological
- Loss of phonemic length for vowels
- Change of consonant clusters to geminate and then to single consonants (with compensatory vowel length)
| English | Sanskrit | Prakrit | Gujarati | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| hand | hasta | hattha | hāth | |
| seven | sapta | satta | sāt | |
| eight | aṣṭā | aṭṭha | āṭh | |
| snake | sarpa | sappa | sāp |
الديموغرافيا والتوزيع
خريطة گجرات
Gujarati has achieved high linguistic prominence in many urban districts worldwide, notably in India Square in Jersey City, نيوجرزي, in the New York City Metropolitan Area, USA.
الحالة الرسمية
الگجراتي واحدة من اللغات الرسمية ال22 واللغات المحلية ال40 في الهند. وهي لغة رسمية في ولاية گجرات، الهند.
اللهجات
A book extract written in Parsi Gujarati, in or before 1892. It is about Englishmen who speak French.
- الگجراتي القياسية
- نگري
- گجرات بومباي
- Patnuli
- Vadodari
- Amdavadi
- Gamthi
- Gramya
- Surti
- Anavla
- Bhathla
- Machi
- Eastern Broach Gujarati
- Charotari
- Patidari
- pathani
- Patani
- Parsi
-
Kathiyawadi
- Jhalawadi
- Sorathi
- Holadi
- Gohilwadi
- Bhavnagari
- Mer
- Kharva
- Khakari
- Tarimukhi
- Ghisadi
- Ghanchi
فهم الصوتيات
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نظام الكتابة
المفردات
| الهندية الآرية القديمة | الگجراتي | ملاحظات | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I | aham | hũ | ||
| falls, slips | khasati | khasvũ | to move | |
| causes to move | arpayati | āpvũ | to give | |
| school | nayaśālā | niśāḷ | ||
| attains to, obtains | prāpnoti | pāmvũ | ||
| tiger | vyāghra | vāgh | ||
| equal, alike, level | sama | samũ | right, sound | |
| all | sarva | sau | ||
| الأسماء | الصفات | ||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MASC | NEU | FEM | |||||||||||||||||||||
| fāydo | gain, advantage, benefit | A | khānũ | compartment | P | kharīdī | purchase(s), shopping | P | tājũ | fresh | P | ||||||||||||
| humlo | attack | A | makān | house, building | A | śardī | common cold | P | judũ | different, separate | P | ||||||||||||
| dāvo | claim | A | nasīb | luck | A | bāju | side | P | najīk | near | P | ||||||||||||
| natījo | result, outcome | A | śaher | city | P | cījh | thing | P | kharāb | bad | A | ||||||||||||
| gusso | anger | P | medān | plain | P | jindgī | life | P | lāl | red | P | ||||||||||||
śrī sarasvatī fruṭ jyuś sɛnṭar - "Shri Saraswati fruit juice Centre". Note that "Fruit Juice Centre" is in English. A gujarati alternative would be phaḷnā ras nu kendra. It (kendra in particular) would however sound quite pedantic and out of place.
فهم النحو
نص مبسط
Gujarati sample (Sign about Gandhi's hut)
Gujarati script —
- ગાંધીજીની ઝૂંપડી-કરાડી
- જગ પ્રસિદ્ધ દાંડી કૂચ પછી ગાંધીજીએ અહીં આંબાના વૃક્ષ નીચે ખજૂરી નાં છટિયાંની એક ઝૂંપડીમાં તા.૧૪-૪-૧૯૩૦ થી તા.૪-૫-૧૯૩૦ સુધી નિવાસ કર્યો હતો. દાંડીમાં છઠ્ઠી એપ્રિલે શરૂ કરેલી નિમક કાનૂન (મીઠાના સત્યાગ્રહ) ભંગની લડતને તેમણે અહીંથી વેગ આપી દેશ વ્યાપી બનાવી હતી. અહીંથી જ તેમણે ધરાસણાના મીઠાના અગરો તરફ કૂચ કરવાનો પોતાનો સંકલ્પ બ્રિટિશ વાઈસરૉયને પત્ર લખીને જણાવ્યો હતો.
- તા.૪થી મે ૧૯૩૦ની રાતના બાર વાગ્યા પછી આ સ્થળેથી બ્રિટિશ સરકારે તેમની ધરપકડ કરી હતી.
التأثير على اللغات الأخرى
المراجع
قواميس
- Belsare, M.B. (1904) An etymological Gujarati-English Dictionary.
- Deshpande, P.G. (1974) Gujarati-English Dictionary. Ahmadabad: University Granth Nirman Board.
- Deshpande, P.G. (1982) Modern English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
- Deshpande, P.G. & Parnwell, E.C. (1977) Oxford Picture Dictionary. English-Gujarati. Oxford University Press.
- Deshpande, P.G. (1988) Universal English-Gujarati Dictionary. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
- Mehta, B.N. & Mehta, B.B. (1925) The Modern Gujarati-English Dictionary.
- Platts, J.T. (1884), A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co, http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/platts/.
- Suthar, B. (2003) (1 Mb)
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1966), A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/.
النحو
- Cardona, George (1965), A Gujarati Reference Grammar, University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Taylor, G.P. (1908), The Student's Gujarati Grammar, New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.
- Tisdall, W.S. (1892), A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language, http://www.archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00tisdiala.
فصول دراسية
- Dave, Jagdish (1995), Colloquial Gujarati (2004 ed.), Routledge, ISBN 0-415-09196-9.
- Gujarati Literary Academy UK (1985), Text Books 1 to 5 (1985 ed.), Navabharat Sahitya Mandir Mumbai.
- Dwyer, Rachel (1995), Teach Yourself Gujarati, London: Hodder and Stoughton, http://www.racheldwyer.com/publications.html.
- Lambert, H.M. (1971), Gujarati Language Course, Cambridge University Press.
فهم الصوتيات
- Dave, T.N. (1931), "Notes on Gujarati Phonology", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies 6 (3): 673–678, doi:, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1356-1898%281931%296%3A3%3C673%3ANOGP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W.
- Firth, J.R. (1957), "Phonetic Observations on Gujarati", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 20 (1): 231–241, doi:, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-977X%281957%2920%3A1%2F3%3C231%3APOOG%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P.
- Mistry, P.J. (1997), "Gujarati Phonology", in Kaye, A.S, Phonologies of Asia and Africa, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
- Pandit, P.B. (1961), "Historical Phonology of Gujarati Vowels", Language 37 (1): 54–66, doi:, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-8507%28196101%2F03%2937%3A1%3C54%3AHPOGV%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1921), "Gujarati Phonology", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 505–544.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1915), "Indo-Aryan Nasals in Gujarati", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society: 1033–1038.
نظرة عامة
- Cardona, George; Suthar, Babu (2003), "Gujarati", in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5, http://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&pg=PA659&dq=indo-aryan+languages.
- Dalby, Andrew (1998), "Gujarati", Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-11568-7.
- Mistry, P.J. (2003), "Gujarati", in Frawley, William, International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, 2 (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Mistry, P.J. (2001), "Gujarati", in Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl, An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present, New England Publishing Associates.
گجرات قديمة
- Bender, E. (1992) The Salibhadra-Dhanna-Carita: A Work in Old Gujarati Critically Edited and Translated, with a Grammatical Analysis and Glossary. American Oriental Society: New Haven, Conn. ISBN 0-940490-73-0
- Brown, W.N. (1938), "An Old Gujarati Text of the Kalaka Story", Journal of the American Oriental Society 58 (1): 5–29, http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0279%28193803%2958%3A1%3C5%3AAOGTOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6.
- Dave, T.N. (1935) A Study of the Gujarati Language in the XVth Century. The Royal Asiatic Society. ISBN 0-947593-30-6
- Tessitori, L.P. (1914–1916) "Notes on the Grammar of Old Western Rajasthani." Indian Antiquary. 43-45.
أخرى
- Gajendragadkar, S.N. (1972), Parsi Gujarati, Bombay: University of Bombay.
- Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.) (2005), "Gujarati", Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.), Dallas: SIL International.
- Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2, http://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=indo-aryan+languages.
- Mistry, P.J. (1996), "Gujarati Writing", in Daniels; Bright, The World's Writing Systems, Oxford University Press.
وصلات خارجية
- Gujarati Online Dictionary & Language Resources
 |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Gujarati_phrasebook. |
- UCLA Language Materials Project: Gujarati
- Gujarati Wiktionary
- Gujarati to Hindi Translator (Online)
- Origin of Gujarati Language(in Gujarati)
- Gujarati Video
- Bharatiya Bhasha Jyoti: Gujarati —a textbook for learning Gujarati through Hindi from the Central Institute of Indian Languages.
- Oneindia Gujarati - Online publication in Gujarati
المصادر
- ^ Nationalencyklopedin "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007
- ^ (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
- ^ 61 million in India, per the List of languages by number of native speakers, and أربعة million elsewhere, per نطقب:Ethnologue
- ^ Dwyer 1995, p. 5
- ^ Timeline: Personalities, Story of Pakistan. "Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948)". Retrieved 2007-05-12.
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةDalby - ^ Mistry 1997, p. 654
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةM2 - ^ Turner 1966, p. 811. Entry 14024.
- ^ Turner 1966, p. 760. Entry 13139.
- ^ Turner 1966, p. 41. Entry 941.
- ^ Turner 1966, p. 766. Entry 13271.
- ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 148
- ^ Turner 1966, p. 44. Entry 992.
- ^ Turner 1966, p. 203. Entry 3856.
- ^ Turner 1966, p. 30. Entry 684.
- ^ Turner 1966, p. 401. Entry 6969.
- ^ Turner 1966, p. 502. Entry 8947.
- ^ Turner 1966, p. 706. Entry 12193.
- ^ Turner 1966, p. 762. Entry 13173.
- ^ Turner 1966, p. 766. Entry 13276.
- ^ Platts 1884, p. 776
- ^ Platts 1884, p. 486
- ^ Platts 1884, p. 489
- ^ Platts 1884, p. 305
- ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 168
- ^ Platts 1884, p. 1057
- ^ Platts 1884, p. 653
- ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 170
- ^ Platts 1884, p. 519
- ^ Platts 1884, p. 1142
- ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 160
- ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 177
- ^ Platts 1884, p. 1123
- ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 184
- ^ Platts 1884, p. 471
- ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 172
- ^ Platts 1884, p. 771
- ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 175
- ^ Tisdall 1892, p. 169
- ^ Platts 1884, p. 947
