حرشفيات

الزواحف الحرشفية; Scaled reptiles; Temporal range: الجوراسي-الحاضر PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K
	سحلية زرقاء اللسان شرقية
التصنيف الفهمي
مملكة:	الحيوان
Phylum:	الحبليات
Class:	الزواحف
Order:	الحرشفيات Squamata; اوپل، 1811
تحت الرتب
	طالع النص
	اللون الأسود: نطاق الحرشفيات

الحرشفيات بالإنگليزية: Squamata تضم رتبة الحرشفيات أكثر الزواحف انتشاراً حيث تشكل أنواعها 59% من الزواحف حيث تعيش في جميع أنحاء العالم ما عدا المناطق الباردة وتتكاثر معظم أنواعها بالبيوض والقليل منها يحتفظ بالبيض داخل الجسم حتى يفقس، ويغطي جلدها حراشف تتجدد بشكل دوري.

التطور

التكاثر

Trachylepis maculilabris, skinks mating

تطور الذيفان venom

البشر والحرشفيات

العض والوفاة

خريطة تبين التوزيع العالمي لقتلى عضة الثعبان.

جهود الحفاظ

التصنيف الفهمي

تقليدياً، كانت الرتبة تنقسم إلى ثلاث تحت-رتب:

Lacertilia، السحالي;
Serpentes، الثعابين;
Amphisbaenia، السحالي الدودية.

Of these, the lizards form a paraphyletic group (since "lizards" excludes the sub-clade of snakes). In newer classifications the name Sauria is used for reptiles and birds in general, and the Squamata are divided differently:

Suborder Iguania – (the agamids, chameleons, iguanids. and other New World lizards)
Suborder Scleroglossa
- Infraorder Anguimorpha – (the monitors, Gila monster, alligator lizards, galliwasps, slow-worms and others)
- Infraorder Amphisbaenia – worm lizards
- Infraorder Gekkota – (the geckos)
- Infraorder Scincomorpha – (skinks, whiptail lizards and common European lizards)
- Infraorder Serpentes – (the snakes)

The relationships between these suborders is not yet certain, though recent research suggests that several families may form a hypothetical venom clade which encompasses a majority (nearly 60%) of Squamate species. Named Toxicofera, it combines the following groups from traditional classification:

Suborder Serpentes (الثعابين)
Suborder Iguania (agamids, chameleons, iguanids, etc.)
Infraorder Anguimorpha, consisting of:
- Family Varanidae (monitor lizards, including the Komodo dragon)
- Family Anguidae (alligator lizards, glass lizards, etc.)
- Family Helodermatidae (Gila monster and Mexican beaded lizard)

قائمة الفصائل

Family	Common Names	Example Species	Example Photo
Amphisbaenia
Amphisbaenidae Gray, 1865	Tropical worm lizards	Darwin's worm lizard (Amphisbaena darwinii)	-
Bipedidae Taylor, 1951	Bipes worm lizards	Mexican mole lizard (Bipes biporus)	-
Rhineuridae Vanzolini, 1951	North American worm lizards	North American worm lizard (Rhineura floridana)
Trogonophidae Gray, 1865	Palearctic worm lizards	Checkerboard worm lizard (Trogonophis wiegmanni)	-
Anguoidea or Diploglossa
Family	Common Names	Example Species	Example Photo
Anguidae Oppel, 1811	Glass lizards	Slow worm (Anguis fragilis)
Anniellidae Gray, 1852	American legless lizards	California legless lizard (Anniella pulchra)
Xenosauridae Cope, 1866	Knob-scaled lizards	Chinese crocodile lizard (Shinisaurus crocodilurus)
Gekkota
Family	Common Names	Example Species	Example Photo
Dibamidae Boulenger, 1884	Blind lizards	Dibamus nicobaricum	-
Gekkonidae Gray, 1825	Geckos	Thick-tailed gecko (Underwoodisaurus milii)
Pygopodidae Boulenger, 1884	Legless lizards	Burton's snake lizard (Lialis burtonis)	-
Iguania
Family	Common Names	Example Species	Example Photo
Agamidae Spix, 1825	Agamas	Eastern bearded dragon (Pogona barbata)
Chamaeleonidae Gray, 1825	Chameleons	Veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus)
Corytophanidae Frost & Etheridge, 1989	Casquehead lizards	Plumed basilisk (Basiliscus plumifrons)
Crotaphytidae Frost & Etheridge, 1989	Collared and leopard lizards	Common collared lizard (Crotaphytus collaris)	خطأ في إنشاء صورة مصغرة: الملف مفقود
Hoplocercidae Frost & Etheridge, 1989	Wood lizards or clubtails	Club-tail iguana (Hoplocercus spinosus)	-
Iguanidae	Iguanas	Marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus)
Leiosauridae Frost et al., 2001	-	Darwin's iguana (Diplolaemus darwinii)	-
Opluridae Frost & Etheridge, 1989	Madagascan iguanas	Chalarodon (Chalarodon madagascariensis)	-
Phrynosomatidae Frost & Etheridge, 1989	Earless, spiny, tree, side-blotched and horned lizards	Greater earless lizard (Cophosaurus texanus)
Polychrotidae Frost & Etheridge, 1989	Anoles	Carolina anole (Anolis carolinensis)
Tropiduridae Frost & Etheridge, 1989	Neotropical ground lizards	(Microlophus peruvianus)
Platynota or Varanoidea
Family	Common Names	Example Species	Example Photo
Helodermatidae	Gila monsters	Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum)
Lanthanotidae	Earless monitor	Earless monitor (Lanthanotus borneensis)	-
Varanidae	Monitor lizards	Perentie (Varanus giganteus)
Scincomorpha
Family	Common Names	Example Species	Example Photo
Cordylidae	Spinytail lizards	Girdle-tailed lizard (Cordylus warreni)
Gerrhosauridae	Plated lizards	Sudan plated lizard (Gerrhosaurus major)
Gymnophthalmidae	Spectacled lizards	-	-
Lacertidae Oppel, 1811	Wall or true lizards	Ocellated lizard (Lacerta lepida)
Scincidae Oppel, 1811	Skinks	Western blue-tongued skink (Tiliqua occipitalis)
Teiidae	Tegus or whiptails	Blue tegu (Tupinambis teguixin)
Xantusiidae	Night lizards	Granite night lizard (Xantusia henshawi)
Alethinophidia
Family	Common Names	Example Species	Example Photo
Acrochordidae Bonaparte, 1831	File snakes	Marine file snake (Acrochordus granulatus)
Aniliidae Stejneger, 1907	Coral pipe snakes	Burrowing false coral (Anilius scytale)
Anomochilidae Cundall, Wallach and Rossman, 1993.	Dwarf pipe snakes	Leonard's pipe snake, (Anomochilus leonardi)
Atractaspididae Günther, 1858	Mole vipers	Bibron's burrowing asp (Atractaspis bibroni)
Boidae Gray, 1825	Boas	Amazon tree boa (Corallus hortulanus)
Bolyeriidae Hoffstetter, 1946	Round Island boas	Round Island burrowing boa (Bolyeria multocarinata)
Colubridae Oppel, 1811	Colubrids	Grass snake (Natrix natrix)
Cylindrophiidae Fitzinger, 1843	Asian pipe snakes	Red-tailed pipe snake (Cylindrophis ruffus)
Elapidae Boie, 1827	Cobras, coral snakes, mambas, kraits, sea snakes, sea kraits, Australian elapids	King cobra (Ophiophagus hannah)
Loxocemidae Cope, 1861	Mexican burrowing snakes	Mexican burrowing snake (Loxocemus bicolor)
Pythonidae Fitzinger, 1826	Pythons	Ball python (Python regius)
Tropidophiidae Brongersma, 1951	Dwarf boas	Northern eyelash boa (Trachyboa boulengeri)
Uropeltidae Müller, 1832	Shield-tailed snakes, short-tailed snakes	Cuvier's shieldtail (Uropeltis ceylanica)
Viperidae Oppel, 1811	Vipers, pitvipers, rattlesnakes	European asp (Vipera aspis)
Xenopeltidae Bonaparte, 1845	Sunbeam snakes	Sunbeam snake (Xenopeltis unicolor)
Scolecophidia
Family	Common Names	Example Species	Example Photo
Anomalepidae Taylor, 1939	Dawn blind snakes	Dawn blind snake (Liotyphlops beui)
Leptotyphlopidae Stejneger, 1892	Slender blind snakes	Texas blind snake (Leptotyphlops dulcis)
Typhlopidae Merrem, 1820	Blind snakes	Black blind snake (Typhlops reticulatus)

الهامش

^ Fry, B.; et al. (2006). "Early evolution of the venom system in lizards and snakes" (PDF). Nature. 439 (7076): 584–588. doi:10.1038/nature04328. PMID 16292255. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
^ Cogger(1991), p.23
^ Aniliidae (TSN {{{ID ). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
^ Anomochilidae (TSN {{{ID ). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
^ Atractaspididae (TSN {{{ID ). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
^ Typhlopidae (TSN {{{ID ). Integrated Taxonomic Information System.

الهامش

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Cogger, Harold; Zweifel, Richard (1992). Reptiles & Amphibians. Sydney, Australia: Weldon Owen. ISBN .
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Ditmars, Raymond L (1933). Reptiles of the World: The Crocodilians, Lizards, Snakes, Turtles and Tortoises of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. نيويورك: Macmillian. p. 321.
Evans SE. 2003. At the feet of the dinosaurs: the origin, evolution and early diversification of squamate reptiles (Lepidosauria: Diapsida). Biological Reviews, Cambridge 78: 513–551. DOI: 10.1017/S1464793103006134
Evans SE. 2008. The skull of lizards and tuatara. In Biology of the Reptilia, Vol.20, Morphology H: the skull of Lepidosauria, Gans C, Gaunt A S, Adler K. (eds). Ithica, New York, Society for the study of Amphibians and Reptiles. pp1–344. Weblink to purchase
Evans SE, Jones MEH. 2010. The origin, early history and diversification of lepidosauromorph reptiles. In Bandyopadhyay S. (ed.), New Aspects of Mesozoic Biodiversity, 27 Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 132, 27-44. DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-10311-7_2
Freiberg, Dr. Marcos; Walls, Jerry (1984). The World of Venomous Animals. نيوجرزي: TFH Publications. ISBN .
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Rosenfeld, Arthur (1989). Exotic Pets. نيويورك: Simon & Schuster. p. 293. ISBN Check |isbn= value: length (help).