قائمة الجزيئات فى الفضاء بين النجوم

الجزئ بين نجمي molecules in interstellar space هوجزيء يوجد في السدم السماوية وتطلق الجزيئات موجات راديوية يمكن التقاطها من خلال التلسكوبات ز وهناك أكثر من خمسين من الجزيئات معروفة في الكون وإن كثيرا منها يحتوي على كربون.

كشفها

جزيئات

Carbon monoxide is frequently used to trace the distribution of mass in molecular clouds.

ثنائي الذرة

Molecule	Designation	Ions
AlCl	Aluminium monochloride	—
AlF	Aluminium monofluoride	—
AlO	Aluminium monoxide	—
C₂	Carbon dimer	—
—	Fluoromethylidynium	CF⁺
CH	Methylidyne radical	CH⁺
CN	Cyanogen radical	—
CO	Carbon monoxide	CO⁺
CP	Carbon monophosphide	—
CS	Carbon monosulfide	—
FeO	Iron(II) oxide	—
H₂	Molecular hydrogen	—
HCl	Hydrogen chloride	—
HF	Hydrogen fluoride	—
HN	Nitrogen monohydride	—
HO	Hydroxyl radical	—
KCl	Potassium chloride	—
N₂	Molecular nitrogen	—
NO	Nitric oxide	—
NS	Nitrogen sulfide	—
NaCl	Sodium chloride	—
O₂	Molecular oxygen	—
PN	Phosphorus nitride	—
PO	Phosphorus monoxide	—
SH	Sulfur hydride	SH⁺
SO	Sulfur monoxide	SO⁺
SiC	Carborundum	—
SiN	Silicon mononitride	—
SiO	Silicon monoxide	—
SiS	Silicon monosulfide	—

The cation is one of the most abundant ions in the universe. It was first detected in 1993.

ثلاثي الذرات

Molecule	Designation	Ions
AlNC	Aluminum isocyanide	—
C₃	Tricarbon	—
C₂H	Ethynyl radical	—
C₂O	Dicarbon monoxide	—
C₂S	Thioxoethenylidene	—
C₂P		—
CO₂	Carbon dioxide	—
—	Protonated molecular hydrogen	H₃⁺
H₂C	Methylene	—
H₂O	Water	—
H₂S	Hydrogen sulfide	—
HCN	Hydrogen cyanide	—
HCO	Formyl radical	HCO⁺
HCP	Phosphaethyne	—
—	Thioformyl	HCS⁺
HNC	Hydrogen isocyanide	—
—	Diazenylium	HN₂⁺
HNO	Nitroxyl	—
—	Isoformyl	HOC⁺
KCN	Potassium cyanide	—
MgCN	Magnesium cyanide	—
MgNC	Magnesium isocyanide	—
NH₂	Amino radical	—
—	—	N_2H⁺
N₂O	Nitrous oxide	—
NaCN	Sodium cyanide	—
OCS	Carbonyl sulfide	—
SO₂	Sulfur dioxide	—
c-SiC₂	c-Silicon dicarbide	—
SiCN	Silicon carbonitride	—
SiNC	Silicon naphthalocyanine	—

Formaldehyde is an organic molecule that is widely distributed in the interstellar medium.

أربع ذرات

Molecule	Designation	Ions
l-C₃H	Propynylidyne	—
c-C₃H	Cyclopropynylidyne	—
C₃N	Cyanoethynyl	C₃N⁻
C₃O	Tricarbon monoxide	—
C₃S	Tricarbonsulfide	—
—	Hydronium	H₃O⁺
C₂H₂	Acetylene	—
H₂CN	Methylene amidogen	H₂CN⁺
H₂CO	Formaldehyde	—
H₂CS	Thioformaldehyde	—
HCCN	—	—
—	Protonated hydrogen cyanide
—	Protonated carbon dioxide	HOCO⁺
HCNO	Fulminic acid	—
HNCO	Isocyanic acid	—
HNCS	Isothiocyanic acid	—
NH₃	Ammonia	—
SiC₃	Silicon tricarbide	—

Methane, the primary component of natural gas, has also been detected on comets and in the atmosphere of several planets in the Solar System.

خمس ذرات

Molecule	Designation	Ions
C₅	—	—
CH₄	Methane	—
c-C₃H₂	Cyclopropenylidene	—
l-H₂C₃	Propadienylidene	—
H₂CCN	Cyanomethyl	—
H₂C₂O	Ketene	—
H₂CNH	Methylenimine	—
—	Protonated formaldehyde	H₂COH⁺
C₄H	Butadiynyl	C₄H^–
HC₃N	Cyanoacetylene	—
HCC-NC	Isocyanoacetylene	—
HCOOH	Formic acid	—
NH₂CN	Cyanamide	—
HC(O)CN	Cyanoformaldehyde	—
SiC₄	Silicon-carbide cluster	—
SiH₄	Silane	—

In the ISM, the acid formamide (above) can combine with methylene to form acetamide.

ست ذرات


Molecule	Designation	Ions
c-H₂C₃O	Cyclopropenone	—
C₂H₄	Ethylene	—
CH₃CN	Acetonitrile	—
CH₃NC	Methyl isocyanide	—
CH₃OH	Methanol	—
CH₃SH	Methanethiol	—
l-H₂C₄	—	—
—	Protonated cyanoacetylene	HC₃NH⁺
HCONH₂	Formamide	—
C₅H	Pentynylidyne	—
HC₂CHO	Propynal	—
HC₄N	—	—
CH₂CNH	Ketenimine	—

Acetaldehyde (above) and its isomers vinyl alcohol and ethylene oxide have all been detected in interstellar space.

سبع ذرات

Molecule	Designation	Ions
c-C₂H₄O	Ethylene oxide	—
CH₃C₂H	Methylacetylene	—
H₃CNH₂	Methylamine	—
CH₂CHCN	Acrylonitrile	—
H₂CHCOH	Vinyl alcohol	—
C₆H	Hexatriynyl	C₆H^–
HC₄CN	Cyanodiacetylene	—
CH₃CHO	Acetaldehyde	—

The radio signature of acetic acid, a compound found in vinegar, was confirmed in 1997.

تسع ذرات

Molecule	Designation	Ions
CH₃C₄H	Methyldiacetylene	—
CH₃OCH₃	Dimethyl Ether	—
CH₃CH₂CN	Propionitrile	—
CH₃CONH₂	Acetamide	—
CH₃CH₂OH	Trans-Ethyl Alcohol	—
C₈H	Octatetraynyl	C₈H^–
HC₇N	Cyanohexatriyne or Cyanotriacetylene	—
CH₃CHCH₂	Propylene (propene)	—

عشرة ذرات

Atoms	Molecule	Designation	Ions
10	(CH₃)₂CO	Acetone	—
10	CH₃CH₂CHO	Propanal	—
10	CH₃C₅N	Methyl-cyano-diacetylene	—
11	HC₈CN	Cyanotetra-acetylene	—
11	C₂H₅OCHO	Ethyl formate	—
11	CH₃C₆H	Methyltriacetylene	—
11	H₃COC₂H₅	trans-ethyl methyl ether	—
12	C₆H₆	Benzene	—
12	C₃H₇CN	n-propyl cyanide	—
13	HC₁₀CN	Cyanodecapentayne	—

غير مؤكدة

Molecule	Designation
H₂NH₂CCOOH	Glycine
CO(CH₂OH)₂	1,3-dihydroxypropanone
C_10H₈⁺	Naphthalene cation

أنظر أيضا

سديم
Astrochemistry
Chemistry
Chemical formula
Diffuse interstellar band
Forbidden mechanism

المصادر

مؤمن, عبد الأمير (2006). قاموس دار الفهم الفلكي. بيروت، لبنان: دار الفهم للملايين.

^ "The Structure of Molecular Cloud Cores". Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, University of Kent. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
^ Ziurys, Lucy M. (2006). "The chemistry in circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars: Following the origin of the elements to the origin of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (33): 12274–12279. doi:10.1073/pnas.0602277103. PMID 16894164.
^ J. Cernicharo, M. Guelin (1987). "Metals in IRC+10216 - Detection of NaCl, AlCl, and KCl, and tentative detection of AlF". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 183 (1): L10–L12.
^ L. M. Ziurys, A. J. Apponi, T. G. Phillips (1994). "Exotic fluoride molecules in IRC +10216: Confirmation of AlF and searches for MgF and CaF". Astrophysical Journal. 433 (2): 729–732. doi:10.1086/174682.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Tenenbaum, E. D.; Ziurys, L. M. (2009). "Millimeter Detection of AlO (X²Σ⁺): Metal Oxide Chemistry in the Envelope of VY Canis Majoris". Astrophysica Journal. 694: L59–L63. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/L59.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ D. L. Lambert, Y. Sheffer, S. R. Federman (1995). molecules in diffuse interstellar clouds". Astrophysical Journal. 438: 740–749. doi:10.1086/175119.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ G. A. Galazutdinov, F. A. Musaev, J. Krelowski (2001). molecule in the interstellar medium". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 325: 1332–1334. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04388.x. Retrieved 2007-02-04.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ D. A. Neufeld, P. Schilke, K. M. Menten, M. G. Wolfire, J. H. Black, F. Schuller, H. S. P. Müller, S. Thorwirth, R. Güsten, S. Philipp (2006). ". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 454 (2): L37–L40. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200600015. Retrieved 2007-02-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Adams, Walter S. (1941). "Some Results with the COUDÉ Spectrograph of the Mount Wilson Observatory". Astrophysical Journal. 93: 11–23. doi:10.1086/144237. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
^ Smith, D. (1988). "Formation and Destruction of Molecular Ions in Interstellar Clouds". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 324 (1578): 257–273. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0016. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
^ A. Fuente, S. García-Burillo, M. Gerin, D. Teyssier, A. Usero, J. R. Rizzo, P. de Vicente (2005). Emission in the Inner 650 Parsec Disk". Astrophysical Journal. 619 (2): L155–L158. doi:10.1086/427990.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ M. Guelin, J. Cernicharo, G. Paubert, B. E. Turner (1990). "Free CP in IRC + 10216". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 230: L9–L11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ W. B. Latter, C. K. Walker, P. R. Maloney (1993). ) in the Interstellar Medium and a Planetary Nebula". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 419: L97. doi:10.1086/187146.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ R. S. Furuya, C. M. Walmsley, K. Nakanishi, P. Schilke, R. Bachiller (2003). "Interferometric observations of FeO towards Sagittarius B2". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 409: L21–L24. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031304. Retrieved 2007-02-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Adams, Walter S. (1970). "Rocket Observation of Interstellar Molecular Hydrogen". Astrophysical Journal. 161: L81–L85. doi:10.1086/180575. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
^ G. A. Blake, J. Keene, T. G. Phillips (1985). "Chlorine in dense interstellar clouds - The abundance of HCl in OMC-1". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 295: 501–506. doi:10.1086/163394. Retrieved 2007-02-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ D. A. Neufeld, J. Zmuidzinas, P. Schilke, T. G. Phillips (1997). "Discovery of Interstellar Hydrogen Fluoride". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 488 (2): L141–L144. doi:10.1086/310942.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ D. M. Meyer, K. C. Roth (1991). "Discovery of interstellar NH". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 376: L49–L52. doi:10.1086/186100. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
^ "Astronomers Detect Molecular Nitrogen Outside our Solar System for the First Time". Goddard Space Flight Center. June 9, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
^ D. McGonagle, W. M. Irvine, Y. C. Minh, L. M. Ziurys (1990). "Detection of nitric oxide in the dark cloud L134N". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 359: 121–124. doi:10.1086/169040. Retrieved 2007-02-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Staff writers (March 27, 2007). "Elusive oxygen molecule finally discovered in interstellar space". Physorg.com. Retrieved 2007-04-02.
^ L. M. Ziurys (1987). "Detection of interstellar PN - The first phosphorus-bearing species observed in molecular clouds". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 321: L81–L85. doi:10.1086/185010. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
^ E. D. Tenenbaum, N. J. Woolf, L. M. Ziurys (2007). "Identification of phosphorus monoxide (X ² Pi _r) in VY Canis Majoris: Detection of the first PO bond in space". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 666: L29–L32. doi:10.1086/521361.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ T. J. Millar, N. G. Adams, D. Smith, W. Lindinger, H. Villinger (1986). "Identification of SH v=1 Ro-vibrational Lines in R Andromedae". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 221: 673–678. Retrieved 2007-02-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ T. J. Millar, N. G. Adams, D. Smith, W. Lindinger, H. Villinger (1986). "The chemistry of SH(+) in shocked interstellar gas". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 221: 673–678. Retrieved 2007-02-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ G. Pascoli, M. Comeau (1995). "Silicon Carbide in Circumstellar Environment". Astrophysics and Space Science. 226: 149–163. doi:10.1007/BF00626907.
^ Oka, Takeshi (2006). ". Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 103 (33): 12235–12242. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601242103. PMID 16894171. Retrieved 2007-02-04.
^ T. R. Geballe, T. Oka (1996). "Detection of H₃⁺ in Interstellar Space". Nature. 384: 334–335. doi:10.1038/384334a0.
^ M. Ohishi, S.-I. Ishikawa, C. Yamada, H. Kanamori, W. M. Irvine, R. D. Brown, P. D. Godfrey, N. Kaifu, H. Suzuki (1991). "Detection of a new carbon-chain molecule, CCO". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 380: L39–L42. doi:10.1086/186168. Retrieved 2007-02-09.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ W. M. Irvine, L. M. Ziurys, L. W. Avery, H. E. Matthews, P. Friberg (1988). "Newly detected molecules in dense interstellar clouds". Astrophysical Letters and Communications. 26: 167–180. Retrieved 2007-02-09.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ D. T. Halfen, D. J. Clouthier, L. M. Ziurys (2008). ) in IRC +10216: A New Interstellar Phosphorus-containing Species". Astrophysical Journal. 677: L101–L104. doi:10.1086/588024.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ D. C. B. Whittet, H. J. Walker (1991). "On the occurrence of carbon dioxide in interstellar grain mantles and ion-molecule chemistry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 252: 63–67. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
^ Oka, Takeshi (2006). +". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (33): 12235–12242. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601242103. PMID 16894171.
^ T. R. Geballe, T. Oka (1996). "Detection of H₃⁺ in Interstellar Space". Nature. 384: 334–335. doi:10.1038/384334a0.
^ J. M. Hollis, P. R. Jewell, F. J. Lovas (1995). "Confirmation of interstellar methylene". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 438: 259–264. doi:10.1086/175070. Retrieved 2007-02-08.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Europe's space telescope ISO finds water in distant places". ESO. April 29, 1997. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
^ L. E. Snyder, D. Buhl (1971). "Observations of Radio Emission from Interstellar Hydrogen Cyanide". Astrophysical Journal. 163: L47–L52. doi:10.1086/180664. Retrieved 2007-02-07.
^ M. S. Schenewerk, L. E. Snyder, A. Hjalmarson (1986). "Interstellar HCO - Detection of the missing ثلاثة millimeter quartet". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 303: L71–L74. doi:10.1086/184655. Retrieved 2007-02-08.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ K. Kawaguchi, Y. Kasai, S.-I. Ishikawa, M. Ohishi, N. Kaifu, T. Amano (1994). "Detection of a new molecular ion HC3NH(+) in TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal. 420: L95. doi:10.1086/187171.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Agúndez, M.; Cernicharo, J.; Guélin, M. (2007). "Discovery of Phosphaethyne (HCP) in Space: Phosphorus Chemistry in Circumstellar Envelopes". The Astrophysical Journal. 662 (2): L91. doi:10.1086/519561. Retrieved 2007-06-02.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ P. Schilke, C. Comito, S. Thorwirth (2003). "First Detection of Vibrationally Excited HNC in Space". The Astrophysical Journal. 582 (2): L101–L104. doi:10.1086/367628. Retrieved 2008-09-14.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ J. M. Hollis, L. E. Snyder, L. M. Ziurys, D. McGonagle (1991). "Interstellar HNO: Confirming the Identification". Atoms, ions and molecules: New results in spectral line astrophysics 16: 407-412, San Francisco: ASP. Retrieved on 2007-02-07.
^ E.F. van Dishoeck, D.J. Jansen, P. Schilke, T. G. Phillips (1993). "Detection of the Interstellar NH 2 Radical". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 416: L83–L86. doi:10.1086/187076. Retrieved 2007-02-08.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ M. Womack, L. M. Ziurys, S. Wyckoff (1992). H(+) in dense clouds - Implications for interstellar nitrogen and ion-molecule chemistry". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 387: 417–429. doi:10.1086/171094. Retrieved 2007-02-07.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ L. M. Ziurys, A. J. Apponi, J. M. Hollis, L. E. Snyder (1994). O: A new molecule containing an N-O bond". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 436: L181–L184. doi:10.1086/187662. Retrieved 2007-02-08.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ P. F. Goldsmith, R. A. Linke (1981). "A study of interstellar carbonyl sulfide". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 245: 482–494. doi:10.1086/158824. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
^ L. E. B. Johansson, C. Andersson, J. Ellder, P. Friberg, A. Hjalmarson, B. Hoglund, W. M. Irvine, H. Olofsson, G. Rydbeck (1984). "Spectral scan of Orion A and IRC+10216 from 72 to 91 GHz". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 130 (2): 227–256.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ M. Guélin, S. Muller, J. Cernicharo, A. J. Apponi, M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, P. Thaddeus (2004). "Astronomical detection of the free radical SiCN". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 363: L9–L12. Retrieved 2007-02-05.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ M. Guélin, S. Muller, J. Cernicharo, M. C. McCarthy, P. Thaddeus (2004). "Detection of the SiNC radical in IRC+10216". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 426: L49–L52. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400074. Retrieved 2007-02-05.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ L. E. Snyder, D. Buhl, B. Zuckerman, P. Palmer (1999). "Microwave Detection of Interstellar Formaldehyde". Physical Review Letters. 61 (2): 77–115. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.679. Retrieved 2007-02-16.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ W. M. Irvine, P. Friberg, Å. Hjalmarson, L. E. B. Johansson, P. Thaddeus, R. D. Brown, P. D. Godfrey (1984). O". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 16: 877. Retrieved 2007-02-05.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ J. G. Mangum, A. Wootten (1990). H radical in the interstellar medium". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 239: 319–325. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
^ M. B. Bell, H. E. Matthews (1995). N in the spiral arm gas clouds in the direction of Cassiopeia A". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 438: 223–225. doi:10.1086/175066. Retrieved 2007-02-06.
^ Thaddeus, P. (2008). "Laboratory and Astronomical Detection of the Negative Molecular Ion C₃N-". The Astrophysical Journal. 677: 1132–1139. doi:10.1086/528947. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ A. Wootten, B. E. Turner, J. G. Mangum, M. Bogey, F. Boulanger, F. Combes, P. J. Encrenaz, M. Gerin (1991). O(+) - A confirming line". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 380: L79–L83. doi:10.1086/186178. Retrieved 2007-02-06.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Betz, A. L. (1981). "Ethylene in IRC +10216". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 244: -L105. doi:10.1086/183490.
^ M. Ohishi, D. McGonagle, W.M. Irvine, S. Yamamoto, S. Saito (1994). CN". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 427: L51–L54. doi:10.1086/187362. Retrieved 2007-02-05.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ S. Aiello, L. Morbidelli, L. Ulivi (1981). CO lifetime in dense interstellar clouds". Astrophysics and Space Science. 80: 173–187. doi:10.1007/BF00649145. Retrieved 2007-02-06.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Y. C. Minh, W. M. Irvine, M. K. Brewer (1991). "H2CS abundances and ortho-to-para ratios in interstellar clouds". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 244: 181–189. Retrieved 2007-02-06.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ M. Guelin, J. Cernicharo (1991). "Astronomical detection of the HCCN radical - Toward a new family of carbon-chain molecules?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 244: L21–L24. Retrieved 2007-02-05.
^ Y. C. Minh, W. M. Irvine, L. M. Ziurys (1988). "Observations of interstellar HOCO(+) - Abundance enhancements toward the Galactic center". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 334: 175–181. doi:10.1086/166827. Retrieved 2007-02-05.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ N. Marcelino, J. Cernicharo, B. Tercero, E. Roueff (2009). "Discovery of fulminic acid, HCNO, in dark clouds". Astrophysical Journal. 690: L27–L30. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/L27.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ M. A. Frerking, R. A. Linke, P. Thaddeus (1979). "Interstellar isothiocyanic acid". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 234: L143–L145. doi:10.1086/183126. Retrieved 2007-02-05.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Nguyen-Q-Rieu, D. Graham, V. Bujarrabal (1984). "Ammonia and cyanotriacetylene in the envelopes of CRL 2688 and IRC + 10216". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 138 (1): L5–L8.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ A. L. Butterworth,O. Aballain, J. Chappellaz, M. A. Sephton (2004). "Combined element (H and C) stable isotope ratios of methane in carbonaceous chondrites". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 347 (3): 807–812. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07251.x. Retrieved 2007-02-16.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ J. H. Lacy, J. S. Carr, N. J. Evans, II, F. Baas, J. M. Achtermann, J. F. Arens (1991). absorption toward young stars in molecular clouds". Astrophysical Journal. 376: 556–560. doi:10.1086/170304.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Finley, Dave (August 7, 2006). "Researchers Use NRAO Telescope to Study Formation Of Chemical Precursors to Life". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2006-08-10.
^ D. Fossé, J. Cernicharo, M. Gerin, P. Cox (2001). "Molecular Carbon Chains and Rings in TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal. 552 (1): 168–174. doi:10.1086/320471. Retrieved 2008-09-14.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "apj552" معهد أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.
^ W. M. Irvine, P. Friberg, A. Hjalmarson, S. Ishikawa, N. Kaifu, K. Kawaguchi, S. C. Madden, H. E. Matthews, M. Ohishi, S. Saito, H. Suzuki, P. Thaddeus, B. E. Turner, S. Yamamoto, L. M. Ziurys (1988). CN) in the molecular clouds TMC-1 and Sagittarius B2". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 334: L107–L111. doi:10.1086/185323. Retrieved 2007-02-04.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ J. E. Dickens, W. M. Irvine, C. H. De Vries, M. Ohishi (1997). NH)". Astrophysical Journal. 479: 307. doi:10.1086/303884. Retrieved 2007-02-04.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ M. Ohishi, S.-I. Ishikawa, T. Amano, H. Oka, W. M. Irvine, J. E. Dickens, L. M. Ziurys, A. J. Apponi (1996). (Protonated Formaldehyde)". Astrophysical Journal. 471: L61. doi:10.1086/310325. Retrieved 2007-02-04.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Cernicharo, J.; Guélin, M.; Agündez, M.; Kawaguchi, K.; McCarthy, M.; Thaddeus, P. (2007). H<sup-, the second interstellar anion". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 61 (2): L37–L40. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077415. Retrieved 2007-06-02.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ C. M. Walmsley, G. Winnewisser, F. Toelle (1990). "Cyanoacetylene and cyanodiacetylene in interstellar clouds". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 81 (1–2): 245–250.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ K. Kawaguchi, M. Ohishi,S.-I. Ishikawa, N. Kaifu (1992). "Detection of isocyanoacetylene HCCNC in TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal. 386 (2): L51–L53. doi:10.1086/186290.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ B. E. Turner, H. S. Liszt, N. Kaifu, A. G. Kisliakov (1975). "Microwave detection of interstellar cyanamide". Astrophysical Journal. 201: L149–L152. doi:10.1086/181963.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, W. D. Stork, P. R. Jewell, D. S. Meier (2008). "Detection of Interstellar Cyanformaldehyde". Astrophysical Journal. 675: L85–L88. doi:10.1086/533529.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ D. M. Goldhaber, A. L. Betz (1984). "Silane in IRC +10216". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 279: -L55–L58. doi:10.1086/184255.
^ J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, A. J. Remijan, P. R. Jewell, V. V. Ilyushin, ;I. Kleiner (2006). ): The Largest Interstellar Molecule with a Peptide Bond". Astrophysical Journal. 643 (1): L25–L28. doi:10.1086/505110.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ J. M. Hollis, A. J. Remijan, P. R. Jewell, F. J. Lovas (2006). O): A New Interstellar Ring Molecule". Astrophysical Journal. 642: 933–939. doi:10.1086/501121.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, D. F. Plusquellic, P. R. Jewell (2005). "Interstellar Isomers: The Importance of Bonding Energy Differences". Astrophysical Journal. 632: 333–339. doi:10.1086/432908.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ D. L. Lambert, Y. Sheffer, S. R. Federman (1979). "Interstellar methyl mercaptan". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 234: L139–L142. doi:10.1086/183125.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ J. Cernicharo, A. M. Heras, A. G. G. M. Tielens, J. R. Pardo, F. Herpin, M. Guélin, L. B. F. M. Waters (1997). , and Benzene in CRL 618". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 546 (2): L123–L126. doi:10.1086/318871.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ W. M. Irvine, R. D. Brown, D. M. Cragg, P. Friberg, P. D. Godfrey, N. Kaifu, H. E. Matthews, M. Ohishi, H. Suzuki, H. Takeo (1988). "A new interstellar polyatomic molecule - Detection of propynal in the cold cloud TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 335: L89–L93. doi:10.1086/185346.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Scientists Toast the Discovery of Vinyl Alcohol in Interstellar Space". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. October 1, 2001. Retrieved 2006-12-20.
^ J. E. Dickens, W. M. Irvine, M. Ohishi, M. Ikeda, S. Ishikawa, A. Nummelin, A. Hjalmarson (1997). "Detection of Interstellar Ethylene Oxide (c-C2H4O)". The Astrophysical Journal. 489 (2): 753–757. doi:10.1086/304821.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ N. Kaifu, K. Takagi, T. Kojima (1975). "Excitation of interstellar methylamine". Astrophysical Journal. 198: L85–L88. doi:10.1086/181818.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, H. Gupta, P. Thaddeus (2006). ". Astrophysical Journal. 652 (2): L141–L144. doi:10.1086/510238.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ D. M. Mehringer, L. E. Snyder, Y. Miao, F. J. Lovas (1997). "Detection and Confirmation of Interstellar Acetic Acid". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 480: L71. doi:10.1086/310612. Retrieved 2007-02-16.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, L. E. Snyder, P. R. Jewell, F. J. Lovas (2006). H) toward TMC-1: The Largest Detected Symmetric Top". Astrophysical Journal. 643 (1): L37–L40. doi:10.1086/504918.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ L. E. Snyder, D. Buhl, P. R. Schwartz, F. O. Clark, D. R. Johnson, F. J. Lovas, P. T. Giguere (1974). "Radio Detection of Interstellar Dimethyl Ether". Astrophysical Journal. 191: L79–L82. doi:10.1086/181554.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ B. Zuckerman, B. E. Turner, D. R. Johnson, F. J. Lovas, N. Fourikis, P. Palmer, M. Morris, A. E. Lilley, J. A. Ball, F. O. Clark (1975). "Detection of interstellar trans-ethyl alcohol". Astrophysical Journal. 196 (2): L99–L102. doi:10.1086/181753.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ J. Cernicharo, M. Guelin (1996). H radical". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 309: L26–L30.
^ H. Brünken, H. Gupta, C. A. Gottlieb, M. C. McCarthy, P. Thaddeus (2007). in TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal. 664 (1): L43–L46. doi:10.1086/520703.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, M. A. Cordiner, T. J. Millar, A. J. Markwick-Kemper, P. R. Jewell (2007). H toward IRC +10 216". Astrophysical Journal. 664 (1): L47–L50. doi:10.1086/520704.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ M. B. Bell, P. A. Feldman, M. J. Travers, M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, P. Thaddeus (1997). N in the Cold Dust Cloud TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 483 (1): L61–L64. doi:10.1086/310732.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ H. W. Kroto, C. Kirby, D. R. M. Walton, L. W. Avery, N. W. Broten, J. M. MacLeod, T. Oka (2002). "The detection of cyanohexatriyne in Heiles's cloud 2". The Astrophysical Journal. 219: L133–L137. doi:10.1086/182623.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ N. Marcelino, J. Cernicharo, M. Agúndez, E. Roueff, M. Gerin, J. Martín-Pintado, R. Mauersberger and C. Thum (2007). "Discovery of Interstellar Propylene (CH₂CHCH₃): Missing Links in Interstellar Gas-Phase Chemistry". Astrophysical Journal. 665: L127–L130. doi:10.1086/521398. line feed character in |author= at position 81 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ L. E. Snyder, F. J. Lovas, D. M. Mehringer, N. Y. Miao, Y.-J. Kuan, J. M. Hollis, P. R. Jewell (2002). "Confirmation of Interstellar Acetone". The Astrophysical Journal. 578 (1): 245–255. doi:10.1086/342273.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Belloche, A.; Garrod, R. T.; Müller, H. S. P.; Menten, K. M.; Comito, C.; Schilke, P. (2009-02-26). "Increased complexity in interstellar chemistry: Detection and chemical modeling of ethyl formate and n-propyl cyanide in Sgr B2(N)". arXiv. Retrieved 2009-04-21.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ G. W. Fuchs, U. Fuchs, T. F. Giesen, F. Wyrowski (2005). "Trans-ethyl methyl ether in space. A new look at a complex molecule in selected hot core regions". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 444 (2): 521–530. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053599.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ G. W. Fuchs, U. Fuchs, T. F. Giesen, F. Wyrowski (2005). "Trans-ethyl methyl ether in space. A new look at a complex molecule in selected hot core regions". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 444 (2): 521–530. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053599.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Y. J. Kuan, S.B. Charnley, H.-C. Huang, W.-L. Tseng, Z. Kisiel (2003). "Interstellar Glycine". Astrophysical Journal. 593 (2): 848–867. doi:10.1086/375637.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ L. E. Snyder, F. J. Lovas, J. M. Hollis, D. N. Friedel, P. R. Jewell, A. Remijan, V. V. Ilyushin, E. A. Alekseev, S. F. Dyubko (2005). "A Rigorous Attempt to Verify Interstellar Glycine". Astrophysical Journal. 619 (2): 914–930. doi:10.1086/426677.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ S. L. Widicus Weaver, G. A. Blake (2005). "1,3-Dihydroxyacetone in Sagittarius B2(N-LMH): The First Interstellar Ketose". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 624 (1): L33–L36. doi:10.1086/430407.
^ Iglesias-Groth, S. (2008-09-20). "Evidence for the Naphthalene Cation in a Region of the Interstellar Medium with Anomalous Microwave Emission". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 685: L55–L58. doi:10.1086/592349. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) - This spectral assignment has not been independently confirmed, and is described by the authors as "tentative" (page L58).

وصلات خارجية

Woon, David E. (February 1, 2007). "Interstellar and circumstellar molecules". The Astrochemist. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
Hudson, Reggie (February 1, 2007). "Interstellar Molecules". NASA's Cosmic Ice Lab. Retrieved 2007-02-13.
Wootten, Al (November, 2005). "The 129 reported interstellar and circumstellar molecules". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2007-02-13. Check date values in: |date= (help)
F. J. Lovas, R. A. Dragoset (February, 2004). "NIST Recommended Rest Frequencies for Observed Interstellar Molecular Microwave Transitions, 2002 Revision". National Institute of Standards and Technology. Retrieved 2007-02-13. Check date values in: |date= (help)

[1] "The Structure of Molecular Cloud Cores". Centre for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, University of Kent. Retrieved 2007-02-16.

[Ziurys06-2] Ziurys, Lucy M. (2006). "The chemistry in circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars: Following the origin of the elements to the origin of life". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (33): 12274–12279. doi:10.1073/pnas.0602277103. PMID 16894164.

[aa183-3] J. Cernicharo, M. Guelin (1987). "Metals in IRC+10216 - Detection of NaCl, AlCl, and KCl, and tentative detection of AlF". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 183 (1): L10–L12.

[4] L. M. Ziurys, A. J. Apponi, T. G. Phillips (1994). "Exotic fluoride molecules in IRC +10216: Confirmation of AlF and searches for MgF and CaF". Astrophysical Journal. 433 (2): 729–732. doi:10.1086/174682.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[5] Tenenbaum, E. D.; Ziurys, L. M. (2009). "Millimeter Detection of AlO (X²Σ⁺): Metal Oxide Chemistry in the Envelope of VY Canis Majoris". Astrophysica Journal. 694: L59–L63. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/694/1/L59.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[6] D. L. Lambert, Y. Sheffer, S. R. Federman (1995). molecules in diffuse interstellar clouds". Astrophysical Journal. 438: 740–749. doi:10.1086/175119.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[mnotrs325-7] G. A. Galazutdinov, F. A. Musaev, J. Krelowski (2001). molecule in the interstellar medium". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 325: 1332–1334. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04388.x. Retrieved 2007-02-04.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[8] D. A. Neufeld, P. Schilke, K. M. Menten, M. G. Wolfire, J. H. Black, F. Schuller, H. S. P. Müller, S. Thorwirth, R. Güsten, S. Philipp (2006). ". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 454 (2): L37–L40. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200600015. Retrieved 2007-02-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[apj93-9] Adams, Walter S. (1941). "Some Results with the COUDÉ Spectrograph of the Mount Wilson Observatory". Astrophysical Journal. 93: 11–23. doi:10.1086/144237. Retrieved 2007-02-13.

[ptotrsol324-10] Smith, D. (1988). "Formation and Destruction of Molecular Ions in Interstellar Clouds". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 324 (1578): 257–273. doi:10.1098/rsta.1988.0016. Retrieved 2007-02-13.

[apj619-11] A. Fuente, S. García-Burillo, M. Gerin, D. Teyssier, A. Usero, J. R. Rizzo, P. de Vicente (2005). Emission in the Inner 650 Parsec Disk". Astrophysical Journal. 619 (2): L155–L158. doi:10.1086/427990.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[aaa230-12] M. Guelin, J. Cernicharo, G. Paubert, B. E. Turner (1990). "Free CP in IRC + 10216". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 230: L9–L11.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[13] W. B. Latter, C. K. Walker, P. R. Maloney (1993). ) in the Interstellar Medium and a Planetary Nebula". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 419: L97. doi:10.1086/187146.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[14] R. S. Furuya, C. M. Walmsley, K. Nakanishi, P. Schilke, R. Bachiller (2003). "Interferometric observations of FeO towards Sagittarius B2". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 409: L21–L24. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031304. Retrieved 2007-02-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[15] Adams, Walter S. (1970). "Rocket Observation of Interstellar Molecular Hydrogen". Astrophysical Journal. 161: L81–L85. doi:10.1086/180575. Retrieved 2007-02-13.

[16] G. A. Blake, J. Keene, T. G. Phillips (1985). "Chlorine in dense interstellar clouds - The abundance of HCl in OMC-1". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 295: 501–506. doi:10.1086/163394. Retrieved 2007-02-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[17] D. A. Neufeld, J. Zmuidzinas, P. Schilke, T. G. Phillips (1997). "Discovery of Interstellar Hydrogen Fluoride". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 488 (2): L141–L144. doi:10.1086/310942.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[18] D. M. Meyer, K. C. Roth (1991). "Discovery of interstellar NH". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 376: L49–L52. doi:10.1086/186100. Retrieved 2007-02-13.

[19] "Astronomers Detect Molecular Nitrogen Outside our Solar System for the First Time". Goddard Space Flight Center. June 9, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-20.

[20] D. McGonagle, W. M. Irvine, Y. C. Minh, L. M. Ziurys (1990). "Detection of nitric oxide in the dark cloud L134N". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 359: 121–124. doi:10.1086/169040. Retrieved 2007-02-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[21] Staff writers (March 27, 2007). "Elusive oxygen molecule finally discovered in interstellar space". Physorg.com. Retrieved 2007-04-02.

[22] L. M. Ziurys (1987). "Detection of interstellar PN - The first phosphorus-bearing species observed in molecular clouds". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 321: L81–L85. doi:10.1086/185010. Retrieved 2007-02-13.

[23] E. D. Tenenbaum, N. J. Woolf, L. M. Ziurys (2007). "Identification of phosphorus monoxide (X ² Pi _r) in VY Canis Majoris: Detection of the first PO bond in space". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 666: L29–L32. doi:10.1086/521361.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[24] T. J. Millar, N. G. Adams, D. Smith, W. Lindinger, H. Villinger (1986). "Identification of SH v=1 Ro-vibrational Lines in R Andromedae". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 221: 673–678. Retrieved 2007-02-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[25] T. J. Millar, N. G. Adams, D. Smith, W. Lindinger, H. Villinger (1986). "The chemistry of SH(+) in shocked interstellar gas". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 221: 673–678. Retrieved 2007-02-13.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[aass226-26] G. Pascoli, M. Comeau (1995). "Silicon Carbide in Circumstellar Environment". Astrophysics and Space Science. 226: 149–163. doi:10.1007/BF00626907.

[27] Oka, Takeshi (2006). ". Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 103 (33): 12235–12242. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601242103. PMID 16894171. Retrieved 2007-02-04.

[28] T. R. Geballe, T. Oka (1996). "Detection of H₃⁺ in Interstellar Space". Nature. 384: 334–335. doi:10.1038/384334a0.

[29] M. Ohishi, S.-I. Ishikawa, C. Yamada, H. Kanamori, W. M. Irvine, R. D. Brown, P. D. Godfrey, N. Kaifu, H. Suzuki (1991). "Detection of a new carbon-chain molecule, CCO". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 380: L39–L42. doi:10.1086/186168. Retrieved 2007-02-09.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[alac26-30] W. M. Irvine, L. M. Ziurys, L. W. Avery, H. E. Matthews, P. Friberg (1988). "Newly detected molecules in dense interstellar clouds". Astrophysical Letters and Communications. 26: 167–180. Retrieved 2007-02-09.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[31] D. T. Halfen, D. J. Clouthier, L. M. Ziurys (2008). ) in IRC +10216: A New Interstellar Phosphorus-containing Species". Astrophysical Journal. 677: L101–L104. doi:10.1086/588024.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[32] D. C. B. Whittet, H. J. Walker (1991). "On the occurrence of carbon dioxide in interstellar grain mantles and ion-molecule chemistry". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 252: 63–67. Retrieved 2007-02-09.

[33] Oka, Takeshi (2006). +". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (33): 12235–12242. doi:10.1073/pnas.0601242103. PMID 16894171.

[34] T. R. Geballe, T. Oka (1996). "Detection of H₃⁺ in Interstellar Space". Nature. 384: 334–335. doi:10.1038/384334a0.

[35] J. M. Hollis, P. R. Jewell, F. J. Lovas (1995). "Confirmation of interstellar methylene". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 438: 259–264. doi:10.1086/175070. Retrieved 2007-02-08.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[36] "Europe's space telescope ISO finds water in distant places". ESO. April 29, 1997. Retrieved 2007-02-08.

[37] L. E. Snyder, D. Buhl (1971). "Observations of Radio Emission from Interstellar Hydrogen Cyanide". Astrophysical Journal. 163: L47–L52. doi:10.1086/180664. Retrieved 2007-02-07.

[apj303-38] M. S. Schenewerk, L. E. Snyder, A. Hjalmarson (1986). "Interstellar HCO - Detection of the missing ثلاثة millimeter quartet". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 303: L71–L74. doi:10.1086/184655. Retrieved 2007-02-08.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[apj420-39] K. Kawaguchi, Y. Kasai, S.-I. Ishikawa, M. Ohishi, N. Kaifu, T. Amano (1994). "Detection of a new molecular ion HC3NH(+) in TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal. 420: L95. doi:10.1086/187171.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[40] Agúndez, M.; Cernicharo, J.; Guélin, M. (2007). "Discovery of Phosphaethyne (HCP) in Space: Phosphorus Chemistry in Circumstellar Envelopes". The Astrophysical Journal. 662 (2): L91. doi:10.1086/519561. Retrieved 2007-06-02.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[41] P. Schilke, C. Comito, S. Thorwirth (2003). "First Detection of Vibrationally Excited HNC in Space". The Astrophysical Journal. 582 (2): L101–L104. doi:10.1086/367628. Retrieved 2008-09-14.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[42] J. M. Hollis, L. E. Snyder, L. M. Ziurys, D. McGonagle (1991). "Interstellar HNO: Confirming the Identification". Atoms, ions and molecules: New results in spectral line astrophysics 16: 407-412, San Francisco: ASP. Retrieved on 2007-02-07.

[43] E.F. van Dishoeck, D.J. Jansen, P. Schilke, T. G. Phillips (1993). "Detection of the Interstellar NH 2 Radical". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 416: L83–L86. doi:10.1086/187076. Retrieved 2007-02-08.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[44] M. Womack, L. M. Ziurys, S. Wyckoff (1992). H(+) in dense clouds - Implications for interstellar nitrogen and ion-molecule chemistry". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 387: 417–429. doi:10.1086/171094. Retrieved 2007-02-07.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[45] L. M. Ziurys, A. J. Apponi, J. M. Hollis, L. E. Snyder (1994). O: A new molecule containing an N-O bond". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 436: L181–L184. doi:10.1086/187662. Retrieved 2007-02-08.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[46] P. F. Goldsmith, R. A. Linke (1981). "A study of interstellar carbonyl sulfide". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 245: 482–494. doi:10.1086/158824. Retrieved 2007-02-08.

[aa130-47] L. E. B. Johansson, C. Andersson, J. Ellder, P. Friberg, A. Hjalmarson, B. Hoglund, W. M. Irvine, H. Olofsson, G. Rydbeck (1984). "Spectral scan of Orion A and IRC+10216 from 72 to 91 GHz". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 130 (2): 227–256.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[48] M. Guélin, S. Muller, J. Cernicharo, A. J. Apponi, M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, P. Thaddeus (2004). "Astronomical detection of the free radical SiCN". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 363: L9–L12. Retrieved 2007-02-05.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[49] M. Guélin, S. Muller, J. Cernicharo, M. C. McCarthy, P. Thaddeus (2004). "Detection of the SiNC radical in IRC+10216". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 426: L49–L52. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200400074. Retrieved 2007-02-05.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[50] L. E. Snyder, D. Buhl, B. Zuckerman, P. Palmer (1999). "Microwave Detection of Interstellar Formaldehyde". Physical Review Letters. 61 (2): 77–115. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.22.679. Retrieved 2007-02-16.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[mnotrs16-51] W. M. Irvine, P. Friberg, Å. Hjalmarson, L. E. B. Johansson, P. Thaddeus, R. D. Brown, P. D. Godfrey (1984). O". Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 16: 877. Retrieved 2007-02-05.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[52] J. G. Mangum, A. Wootten (1990). H radical in the interstellar medium". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 239: 319–325. Retrieved 2007-02-05.

[53] M. B. Bell, H. E. Matthews (1995). N in the spiral arm gas clouds in the direction of Cassiopeia A". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 438: 223–225. doi:10.1086/175066. Retrieved 2007-02-06.

[54] Thaddeus, P. (2008). "Laboratory and Astronomical Detection of the Negative Molecular Ion C₃N-". The Astrophysical Journal. 677: 1132–1139. doi:10.1086/528947. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[55] A. Wootten, B. E. Turner, J. G. Mangum, M. Bogey, F. Boulanger, F. Combes, P. J. Encrenaz, M. Gerin (1991). O(+) - A confirming line". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 380: L79–L83. doi:10.1086/186178. Retrieved 2007-02-06.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[apj244-56] Betz, A. L. (1981). "Ethylene in IRC +10216". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 244: -L105. doi:10.1086/183490.

[57] M. Ohishi, D. McGonagle, W.M. Irvine, S. Yamamoto, S. Saito (1994). CN". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 427: L51–L54. doi:10.1086/187362. Retrieved 2007-02-05.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[58] S. Aiello, L. Morbidelli, L. Ulivi (1981). CO lifetime in dense interstellar clouds". Astrophysics and Space Science. 80: 173–187. doi:10.1007/BF00649145. Retrieved 2007-02-06.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[59] Y. C. Minh, W. M. Irvine, M. K. Brewer (1991). "H2CS abundances and ortho-to-para ratios in interstellar clouds". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 244: 181–189. Retrieved 2007-02-06.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[60] M. Guelin, J. Cernicharo (1991). "Astronomical detection of the HCCN radical - Toward a new family of carbon-chain molecules?". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 244: L21–L24. Retrieved 2007-02-05.

[61] Y. C. Minh, W. M. Irvine, L. M. Ziurys (1988). "Observations of interstellar HOCO(+) - Abundance enhancements toward the Galactic center". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 334: 175–181. doi:10.1086/166827. Retrieved 2007-02-05.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[62] N. Marcelino, J. Cernicharo, B. Tercero, E. Roueff (2009). "Discovery of fulminic acid, HCNO, in dark clouds". Astrophysical Journal. 690: L27–L30. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/L27.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[63] M. A. Frerking, R. A. Linke, P. Thaddeus (1979). "Interstellar isothiocyanic acid". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 234: L143–L145. doi:10.1086/183126. Retrieved 2007-02-05.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[aa138-64] Nguyen-Q-Rieu, D. Graham, V. Bujarrabal (1984). "Ammonia and cyanotriacetylene in the envelopes of CRL 2688 and IRC + 10216". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 138 (1): L5–L8.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[65] A. L. Butterworth,O. Aballain, J. Chappellaz, M. A. Sephton (2004). "Combined element (H and C) stable isotope ratios of methane in carbonaceous chondrites". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 347 (3): 807–812. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07251.x. Retrieved 2007-02-16.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[66] J. H. Lacy, J. S. Carr, N. J. Evans, II, F. Baas, J. M. Achtermann, J. F. Arens (1991). absorption toward young stars in molecular clouds". Astrophysical Journal. 376: 556–560. doi:10.1086/170304.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[precursors-67] Finley, Dave (August 7, 2006). "Researchers Use NRAO Telescope to Study Formation Of Chemical Precursors to Life". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. Retrieved 2006-08-10.

[apj552-68] D. Fossé, J. Cernicharo, M. Gerin, P. Cox (2001). "Molecular Carbon Chains and Rings in TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal. 552 (1): 168–174. doi:10.1086/320471. Retrieved 2008-09-14.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صالح؛ الاسم "apj552" معهد أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة.

[69] W. M. Irvine, P. Friberg, A. Hjalmarson, S. Ishikawa, N. Kaifu, K. Kawaguchi, S. C. Madden, H. E. Matthews, M. Ohishi, S. Saito, H. Suzuki, P. Thaddeus, B. E. Turner, S. Yamamoto, L. M. Ziurys (1988). CN) in the molecular clouds TMC-1 and Sagittarius B2". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 334: L107–L111. doi:10.1086/185323. Retrieved 2007-02-04.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[70] J. E. Dickens, W. M. Irvine, C. H. De Vries, M. Ohishi (1997). NH)". Astrophysical Journal. 479: 307. doi:10.1086/303884. Retrieved 2007-02-04.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[71] M. Ohishi, S.-I. Ishikawa, T. Amano, H. Oka, W. M. Irvine, J. E. Dickens, L. M. Ziurys, A. J. Apponi (1996). (Protonated Formaldehyde)". Astrophysical Journal. 471: L61. doi:10.1086/310325. Retrieved 2007-02-04.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[72] Cernicharo, J.; Guélin, M.; Agündez, M.; Kawaguchi, K.; McCarthy, M.; Thaddeus, P. (2007). H<sup-, the second interstellar anion". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 61 (2): L37–L40. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077415. Retrieved 2007-06-02.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[aaa81-73] C. M. Walmsley, G. Winnewisser, F. Toelle (1990). "Cyanoacetylene and cyanodiacetylene in interstellar clouds". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 81 (1–2): 245–250.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[74] K. Kawaguchi, M. Ohishi,S.-I. Ishikawa, N. Kaifu (1992). "Detection of isocyanoacetylene HCCNC in TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal. 386 (2): L51–L53. doi:10.1086/186290.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[75] B. E. Turner, H. S. Liszt, N. Kaifu, A. G. Kisliakov (1975). "Microwave detection of interstellar cyanamide". Astrophysical Journal. 201: L149–L152. doi:10.1086/181963.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[76] A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, W. D. Stork, P. R. Jewell, D. S. Meier (2008). "Detection of Interstellar Cyanformaldehyde". Astrophysical Journal. 675: L85–L88. doi:10.1086/533529.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[77] D. M. Goldhaber, A. L. Betz (1984). "Silane in IRC +10216". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 279: -L55–L58. doi:10.1086/184255.

[apj643-78] J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, A. J. Remijan, P. R. Jewell, V. V. Ilyushin, ;I. Kleiner (2006). ): The Largest Interstellar Molecule with a Peptide Bond". Astrophysical Journal. 643 (1): L25–L28. doi:10.1086/505110.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[79] J. M. Hollis, A. J. Remijan, P. R. Jewell, F. J. Lovas (2006). O): A New Interstellar Ring Molecule". Astrophysical Journal. 642: 933–939. doi:10.1086/501121.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[apj632-80] A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, D. F. Plusquellic, P. R. Jewell (2005). "Interstellar Isomers: The Importance of Bonding Energy Differences". Astrophysical Journal. 632: 333–339. doi:10.1086/432908.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[81] D. L. Lambert, Y. Sheffer, S. R. Federman (1979). "Interstellar methyl mercaptan". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor. 234: L139–L142. doi:10.1086/183125.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[Cernicharo_546-82] J. Cernicharo, A. M. Heras, A. G. G. M. Tielens, J. R. Pardo, F. Herpin, M. Guélin, L. B. F. M. Waters (1997). , and Benzene in CRL 618". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 546 (2): L123–L126. doi:10.1086/318871.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[83] W. M. Irvine, R. D. Brown, D. M. Cragg, P. Friberg, P. D. Godfrey, N. Kaifu, H. E. Matthews, M. Ohishi, H. Suzuki, H. Takeo (1988). "A new interstellar polyatomic molecule - Detection of propynal in the cold cloud TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters. 335: L89–L93. doi:10.1086/185346.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[rnao011001-84] "Scientists Toast the Discovery of Vinyl Alcohol in Interstellar Space". National Radio Astronomy Observatory. October 1, 2001. Retrieved 2006-12-20.

[boaas29-85] J. E. Dickens, W. M. Irvine, M. Ohishi, M. Ikeda, S. Ishikawa, A. Nummelin, A. Hjalmarson (1997). "Detection of Interstellar Ethylene Oxide (c-C2H4O)". The Astrophysical Journal. 489 (2): 753–757. doi:10.1086/304821.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[86] N. Kaifu, K. Takagi, T. Kojima (1975). "Excitation of interstellar methylamine". Astrophysical Journal. 198: L85–L88. doi:10.1086/181818.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[87] M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, H. Gupta, P. Thaddeus (2006). ". Astrophysical Journal. 652 (2): L141–L144. doi:10.1086/510238.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[acetic_acid-88] D. M. Mehringer, L. E. Snyder, Y. Miao, F. J. Lovas (1997). "Detection and Confirmation of Interstellar Acetic Acid". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 480: L71. doi:10.1086/310612. Retrieved 2007-02-16.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[aj643-89] A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, L. E. Snyder, P. R. Jewell, F. J. Lovas (2006). H) toward TMC-1: The Largest Detected Symmetric Top". Astrophysical Journal. 643 (1): L37–L40. doi:10.1086/504918.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[90] L. E. Snyder, D. Buhl, P. R. Schwartz, F. O. Clark, D. R. Johnson, F. J. Lovas, P. T. Giguere (1974). "Radio Detection of Interstellar Dimethyl Ether". Astrophysical Journal. 191: L79–L82. doi:10.1086/181554.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[91] B. Zuckerman, B. E. Turner, D. R. Johnson, F. J. Lovas, N. Fourikis, P. Palmer, M. Morris, A. E. Lilley, J. A. Ball, F. O. Clark (1975). "Detection of interstellar trans-ethyl alcohol". Astrophysical Journal. 196 (2): L99–L102. doi:10.1086/181753.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[92] J. Cernicharo, M. Guelin (1996). H radical". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 309: L26–L30.

[93] H. Brünken, H. Gupta, C. A. Gottlieb, M. C. McCarthy, P. Thaddeus (2007). in TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal. 664 (1): L43–L46. doi:10.1086/520703.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[94] A. J. Remijan, J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, M. A. Cordiner, T. J. Millar, A. J. Markwick-Kemper, P. R. Jewell (2007). H toward IRC +10 216". Astrophysical Journal. 664 (1): L47–L50. doi:10.1086/520704.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[bell_483-95] M. B. Bell, P. A. Feldman, M. J. Travers, M. C. McCarthy, C. A. Gottlieb, P. Thaddeus (1997). N in the Cold Dust Cloud TMC-1". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 483 (1): L61–L64. doi:10.1086/310732.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[96] H. W. Kroto, C. Kirby, D. R. M. Walton, L. W. Avery, N. W. Broten, J. M. MacLeod, T. Oka (2002). "The detection of cyanohexatriyne in Heiles's cloud 2". The Astrophysical Journal. 219: L133–L137. doi:10.1086/182623.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[97] N. Marcelino, J. Cernicharo, M. Agúndez, E. Roueff, M. Gerin, J. Martín-Pintado, R. Mauersberger and C. Thum (2007). "Discovery of Interstellar Propylene (CH₂CHCH₃): Missing Links in Interstellar Gas-Phase Chemistry". Astrophysical Journal. 665: L127–L130. doi:10.1086/521398. line feed character in |author= at position 81 (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[98] L. E. Snyder, F. J. Lovas, D. M. Mehringer, N. Y. Miao, Y.-J. Kuan, J. M. Hollis, P. R. Jewell (2002). "Confirmation of Interstellar Acetone". The Astrophysical Journal. 578 (1): 245–255. doi:10.1086/342273.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[arxiv4694-99] Belloche, A.; Garrod, R. T.; Müller, H. S. P.; Menten, K. M.; Comito, C.; Schilke, P. (2009-02-26). "Increased complexity in interstellar chemistry: Detection and chemical modeling of ethyl formate and n-propyl cyanide in Sgr B2(N)". arXiv. Retrieved 2009-04-21.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[100] G. W. Fuchs, U. Fuchs, T. F. Giesen, F. Wyrowski (2005). "Trans-ethyl methyl ether in space. A new look at a complex molecule in selected hot core regions". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 444 (2): 521–530. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053599.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[101] G. W. Fuchs, U. Fuchs, T. F. Giesen, F. Wyrowski (2005). "Trans-ethyl methyl ether in space. A new look at a complex molecule in selected hot core regions". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 444 (2): 521–530. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053599.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[102] Y. J. Kuan, S.B. Charnley, H.-C. Huang, W.-L. Tseng, Z. Kisiel (2003). "Interstellar Glycine". Astrophysical Journal. 593 (2): 848–867. doi:10.1086/375637.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[103] L. E. Snyder, F. J. Lovas, J. M. Hollis, D. N. Friedel, P. R. Jewell, A. Remijan, V. V. Ilyushin, E. A. Alekseev, S. F. Dyubko (2005). "A Rigorous Attempt to Verify Interstellar Glycine". Astrophysical Journal. 619 (2): 914–930. doi:10.1086/426677.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[104] S. L. Widicus Weaver, G. A. Blake (2005). "1,3-Dihydroxyacetone in Sagittarius B2(N-LMH): The First Interstellar Ketose". Astrophysical Journal Letters. 624 (1): L33–L36. doi:10.1086/430407.

[105] Iglesias-Groth, S. (2008-09-20). "Evidence for the Naphthalene Cation in a Region of the Interstellar Medium with Anomalous Microwave Emission". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 685: L55–L58. doi:10.1086/592349. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help) - This spectral assignment has not been independently confirmed, and is described by the authors as "tentative" (page L58).