ريشاباناتا
| ريشاباناتا | |
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First Tirthankara
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Image of Rishabhanatha at Kundalpur pilgrimage site in Madhya Pradesh, India
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| أسماء أخرى | Adinatha, Adish Jina (first conqueror), Adi Purush (first Perfect Man), Ikshvaku |
| التالي | Ajitanatha |
| الرمز | Bull |
| القامة | 500 bows (1500 metres) |
| العمر | 84 lakh purva (592.704 x 1018 years) |
| الشجرة | Banyan |
| اللون | Golden |
| معلومات شخصية | |
| وُلِد | Ayodhya |
| توفي | Mount Kailash |
| الأبوان |
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| الزوج | Sunanda and Sumangala |
| الأنجال |
Bharata Bahubali Sundari Brahmi |
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جزء من عن الجاينية | |
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تاريخ الجاينية | |
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الأسس | |
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المفاهيم الرئيسية | |
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الشخصيات الرئيسية | |
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الممارسات وسبل البلوغ | |
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الجاينية حول العالم | |
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مذاهب الجاينية | |
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نصوص | |
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دراسات مقارنة | |
ريشاباناتا Rishabhanatha (وأيضاً Ṛṣabhadeva, Rishabhadeva, or Ṛṣabha) is considered to be the first Tirthankara (Teaching God) of the present half cycle of time in Jain tradition. The word Tīrthankara signifies the founder of a tirtha which means a fordable passage across a sea. The Tirthankara shows the 'fordable path' across the sea of interminable births and deaths (saṃsāra). Rishabhanatha is also known as Ādinātha which translates into "First (Adi) Lord (nātha)". According to Jain traditional accounts, he was born to King Nabhi and Queen Marudevi in Ayodhya. Jain texts talk about his two wives, Sunanda and Sumangala. Sumangala is described as the mother of his ninety-nine sons (including Bharata) and one daughter, Brahmi. Sunanda is depicted as the mother of Bahubali and Sundari. The sudden death of Nilanjana, one of the dancers of Indra, reminded him of the world's transitory nature and he developed a desire for renunciation. After being initiated as a Digambara monk, he is said to have wandered without food for a whole year. The day on which he got his first ahara (food), is celebrated as Akshaya Tritiya by Jains. He is said to have attained Moksha from Mount Kailash. Adi Purana contains the information over legends related to Rishabhanatha. His colossal statues include Statue of Ahimsa, Bawangaja and those erected in Gopachal hill. In iconography, Rishabhanatha is associated with his Bull emblem, the Nyagrodha tree, Gomukha (bull-faced) Yaksha, and Chakreshvari Yakshi.
تأسيس الجاينية
Jain cosmology divides the Worldly Time cycle into two halves (avasarpiṇī and utsarpiṇī) with six aras (spokes) in each half. Twenty-four Tirthankaras grace this part of the universe in the fourth period, known as duşamā-suşamā (read as dukhmā-sukhmā), of both halves. The present half cycle (avasarpiṇī) being a special case, Rishabhanatha, the first tīrthaṅkara was born at the end of the third period (known as suṣama-duṣamā) itself. This cycle will start reversing at the onset of utsarpinī kāl (next half cycle) with the Dukhama-dukhamā being the first period. According to Jain texts, Rishabhanatha was born in the age when there was happiness all around with no work for men to do. Gradually as the cycle moved, and Kalpavriksha (wish-fulfilling trees) disappeared, people rushed to their King for help. Rishabhanatha is then said to have taught the men six main professions. These were: (1) Asi (swordsmanship for protection), (2) Masi (writing skills), (3) Krishi (agriculture), (4) Vidya (knowledge), (5) Vanijya (trade and commerce) and (6) Shilp (crafts). In other words, he is credited with introducing karma-bhumi (the age of action) by teaching these professions to householders to enable them to earn a livelihood. The institution of marriage is said to have come into existence after he married to set an example for other humans to follow. In total, Rishabhanatha is said to have taught seventy-two sciences which include: arithmetic, the plastic and visual arts, the art of lovemaking, singing and dancing. Jain chronology places the date of Rishabhanatha at an almost immeasurable antiquity in the past.
الأساطير
Rishabhanatha is known by many names among Jains including Adinatha, Adisvara, Yugadeva and Nabheya.Ādi purāṇa, a major Jain text records the life accounts of Rishabhanatha as well as ten previous incarnations.
الميلاد
Garbha kalyanaka is the first auspicious event out of five auspicious events (Panch Kalyanaka). It means enlivening of the embryo through the descent of the life (soul) in the mortal body. On the second day of Ashadha (a month of the Hindu calendar) Krishna (dark fortnight), Queen Marudevi is said to have seen sixteen auspicious dreams. King Nabhi explained these dreams to her as a sign of Tirthankara's birth.
Rishabhanatha was born to King Nabhi and Queen Marudevi in Ayodhya, on the ninth day of the dark half of the month of Chaitra-caitra krişna navamĩ. This is the second auspicious event and is known as Janma Kalyanaka.
التماثيل العملاقة
Statue of Ahimsa, Maharashtra, 108 قدم (33 م)
Bawangaja, Madhya Pradesh, 84 قدم (26 م)
Siddhachal Jain Temple, Gopachal Hill, Madhya Pradesh, 58.4 قدم (17.8 م)
المعابد
- Palitana temples
- Kulpakji
- Kundalpur
- Bibrod Tirth
- Paporaji
Ranakpur Jain temple, Ranakpur, Rajasthan
Adinatha temple, Khajuraho
Dilwara Temples, Mount Abu, Rajasthan
Sanghiji Jain temple, Sanganer, Rajasthan
Nasiyan Ji Jain temple, Ajmer
Nareli Jain Temple, Ajmer
Adishwar Temple, Palitana
انظر أيضاً
- God in Jainism
- History of Jainism
- Siddha
المراجع
ملاحظات
الهامش
- ^ Shanti Lal Jain 1998, p. 46.
- ^ Sarasvati 1970, p. 444.
- ^ Sangave 2001, p. 131.
- ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 208-09.
- ^ Shanti Lal Jain 1998, p. 47.
- ^ Jaini 2000, p. 327.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. xiv.
- ^ Dalal 2010, p. 27.
- ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 78.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 88.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. x.
- ^ Sangave 2001, p. 103.
- ^ Dundas 2002, p. 21.
- ^ Kailash Chand Jain 1991, p. 5.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 89.
- ^ Rankin 2010, p. 43.
- ^ George 2008, p. 318.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. xv.
- ^ Umakant P. Shah 1987, p. 112.
- ^ Upinder Singh 2016, p. 26.
- ^ Zimmer 1953, p. 195.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 76-79.
- ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015, p. 181.
- ^ Champat Rai Jain 1929, p. 83.
- ^ Jaini 1998, p. 7.
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Zimmer, Heinrich (1953), Joseph Campbell, ed., Philosophies Of India, لندن, E.C. 4: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6, https://archive.org/details/Philosophy.of.India.by.Heinrich.Zimmer, " هذا الموضوع يضم نصاً من هذا المصدر، الذي هومشاع."
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