الشركة الوطنية الإيرانية للنفط (NIOC؛ فارسية: شرکت ملّی نفت ایران؛ بالإنگليزية: National Iranian Oil Company)، مؤسسة تملكها الحكومة تحت اشراف وزارة النفط الإيرانية، هي منتج وموزع نفط وغاز طبيعي مقرها في طهران. وقد تأسست في 1948. ويبلغ ترتيب NIOC كثاني أكبر شركة نفط في العالم، بعد شركة أرامكوالتي تملكها السعودية.

The NIOC is exclusively responsible for the exploration, extraction, transportation and exportation of crude oil, as well as exploration, extraction and sales of natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG). the NIOC exports its surplus production according to commercial considerations in the framework of the quotas determined by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and at the prices prevalent in the international markets. in early 2005 NIOC's Recoverable liquid hydrocarbon reserves 136.99 بليون برميلs (21.780 kم³) (10% of world's total) and Recoverable gas reserves 28.17×10¹² m³ (15% of world's total). Current NIOC production capacities include over أربعة مليون برميلs (640×10^³ م³) of crude oil and in excess of 500 million cubic meters of natural gas per day. Iran's overall export crude oil was valued at 85 بليون دولار في 2010.^[]

التاريخ

خلفية: 1901 - 1951

منطق رئيسيs: وليام نوكس دارسي and شركة النفط الأنگلو-فارسية

في مايو1901، حصل وليام نوكس دارسي على امتياز من شاه إيران to search for oil, which he discovered in May 1908. This was the first commercially significant find in the Middle East. وفي 1923, Burmah employed future Prime Minister, Winston Churchill as a paid consultant; to lobby the British government to allow the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) to have exclusive rights to Persian oil resources, which were successfully granted.

وفي 1935، طلب رضا شاه من المجتمع الدولي حتى يشيروا إلى "فارس" بإسم 'إيران'، وهوما انعكس في تغيير اسم شركة النفط الأنگلو-فارسية (APOC) إلى شركة النفط الأنگلو-إيرانية (AIOC). Following World War II, Iranian nationalism was on the rise, especially surrounding the Iranian natural resources being exploited by the foreign companies without adequately compensating Iranian taxpayers. AIOC and the pro western Iranian government led by Prime Minister Ali Razmara, initially resisted nationalist pressure to revise AIOC's concession terms still further in Iran's favour. In March 1951, Ali Razmara was assassinated; and محمد مصدق, a nationalist, was elected as the new prime minister by the مجلس إيران.

NIOC: 1951–79

In April 1951, the Majlis nationalised the Iranian oil industry by unanimous vote, and the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) was formed, displacing the APOC. The APOC withdrew its management from Iran, and organised an effective worldwide embargo of Iranian oil. The British government, which owned the APOC, contested the nationalisation at the International Court of Justice at The Hague, but its complaint was dismissed.

By spring of 1953, incoming US President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorised the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), to organise a coup against the Mossadeq government, known as the 1953 Iranian coup d'état. In August 1953, the coup brought pro-Western general Fazlollah Zahedi as the new PM, along with the return of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi from his brief exile in Italy to Iran. The anti-Mossadeq plan was orchestrated under the code-name 'Operation Ajax' by CIA, and 'Operation Boot' by SIS (MI6).

احتياطيات النفط للشركة

According to OPEC, NIOC recoverable liquid hydrocarbon reserves at the end of 2006 was 1,384 بليون برميلs (2.200×10¹¹ م³).

Table 1- The five biggest NIOC oil fields;

Gas reserves

منطق رئيسيs: Iran Natural Gas Reserves and Gas Exporting Countries Forum

NIOC holds about 1,000×10^¹² قدم³ (28,000 kم³) of proven Natural gas reserves of which 36% are as associated gas and 64% is in non associated gas fields. It stands for world's second largest reserves after Russia.

NIOC’s ten biggest Non-Associated Gas Fields;

الاكتشافات الحديثة

Since 1995, National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) has made significant oil and gas discoveries, standing for some 84-بليون-برميل (1.34×10¹⁰ م³) of oil in place and at least 175×10^¹² قدم³ (5,000 kم³) of gas in place, which are listed below.

الهيكل التنظيمي

The company is completely owned by Iranian government. NIOC's General Assembly (GA) consists of:

• الرئيس،
• نائب الرئيس
• Director General of the Management and Planning Organization,
• Ministers of Oil,
  • الطاقة,
  • Industries and Mines,
  • Labor and Social Affairs,
  • Economy and Finance

The GA is its highest decision making body, determining the company's general policy guide lines, and approving the annual budgets, operations and financial statements and balance sheets. The company's Board of Directors has the authority and major responsibilities to approve the operational schemes within the general framework ratified by the General Assembly, approve transactions and contracts, and prepare budgets and Board reports and annual balance sheets for presentation to the General Assembly.

The Board supervises the implementation of general policy guidelines defined by the General Assembly, and pursues executive operations via the company's Managing Director.

أعضاء مجلس الادارة

الشركات الفرعية

With appropriate division of tasks and delegation of responsibilities to subsidiaries- affiliates, NIOC has been able to establish acceptable degrees of coordination within its organizational set up. In fact, NIOC's Directors act primarily in policy making and supervision while subsidiaries act as their executive arm in coordinating an array of operations such as exploration, drilling, production and delivery of crude oil and natural gas, for export and domestic consumption.

The NIOC's subsidiaries are as follows:

تكاليف الانتاج والاستثمارات

The cost of producing each barrel will rise to $30 or more from $7 in 2012.

Iran currently allocates $20 billion a year to develop fields and $10 billion on maintaining output. In the next decade, maintaining production will cost $50 billion, with a similar sum required for development. This does not include development and investment costs in related fields such as Petrochemicals.

المقاولون المحليون الرئيسيون

Although usually neglected and overlooked, Iran also has a number of very active private companies in the oil sector. The growing private sector activity is mainly active in projects involving the construction of oil field units, refinery equipment, tanks and pipelines, as well as engineering. Iranian manufacturers will supply oil industry with $10 billion worth of domestically-made goods and equipment in 2012.

Iranian companies are already outperforming foreign firms in South Pars. NIOC produces 60-70% of its industrial equipment domestically including refineries, oil tankers, oil rigs, offshore platforms and exploration instruments. Iran is also cooperating with foreign companies to transfer technology to Iranian oil industry. The objective is to become self-sufficient by 85% before 2015. The strategic goods include onshore and offshore drilling rigs, pumps, turbines and precision tools. Domestic production of 52 petrochemical catalysts will be started in 2013. As of 2015, Iran had reached most of its above mentioned objectives in manufacturing.

المشاركة في حقول غاز أجنبية

• تملك إيران 50% من حقل الغاز البحري "روم Rhum" في بحر الشمال، which is Britain's largest untapped gas field. It is a joint-venture with BP worth $1 million a day at 15 June 2010 spot prices.
• Iran has another 10% joint-venture participation with BP and other foreign oil companies في حقل شاه دنيز للغاز الأذربيجاني، producingثمانية billion cubic meters of gas per year, worth up to a reported $2.4 billion per year. The Iranian entity with which BP has partnered in these ventures is the Swiss-based Naftiran Intertrade, a subsidiary of NIOC. Shah Deniz is not subject to US sanctions.

السجل البيئي

According to geographer Richard Heede, is 3rd on the list of companies with the highest level of CO2 emissions globally with 739 million طن متري (727,000,000 طن كبيرs; 815,000,000 طن صغيرs) in 2013, amounting to more than 3.1% of worldwide anthropogenic emissions.

انظر أيضاً

• The nationalization of the Iran oil industry movement
• International rankings of Iran
• Petroleum industry in Iran
• Ministry of Petroleum of Iran
  • National Iranian Gas Company
  • National Iranian Petrochemical Company
  • National Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company
• Economy of Iran
• Iranian oil bourse
• Foreign Direct Investment in Iran
• Privatization in Iran
• Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline Company - used to be 50% in control of NIOC and the focus of a dispute between Israel and Iran.
• William Knox D'Arcy

المراجع

للاستزادة

وصلات خارجية

• NIOC – official website (إنگليزية)
• Official News Service for Oil and Gas in Iran
• US Department of Energy - Iran's entry
• PEDEC – official website
• Oil & Gas Industry in Iran - 2003 Study (history, market overview, domestic suppliers, major projects, buy-backs)
• Australian Trade - Industry Profile for the Oil Sector in Iran
• Iran Oil & Gas Resources
• National Iranian Oil Company's Information Center & Central Library
• UN Comtrade – Iran crude oil exports stats