الجباريات

Orionids (ORI)
	An Orionid meteor (center right) streaking across the sky below the Milky Way and to the right of Venus. The zodiacal light can also be seen in the image.
تاريخ الاكتشاف	October 1839
الجرم الأب	1P/Halley
منبثق الشهب
الكوكبة	Orion (near Betelgeuse)
الصعود المستقيم	06h 24m
الميل	+15° {{{2 ′
الخصائص
يحدث أثناء	October 16 – October 27
تاريخ الذروة	October 21
السرعة	66.9 كم/ث
المعدل السمتي الساعي	typically 20–25
	انظر أيضاً: قائمة وابلات الشهب

زخة شهب الجباريات Orionid meteor shower، عادة ما تُختصر إلى الجباريات Orionids، هي أكثر زخات الشهب في الأدبيات، وتقترن بـمذنب هالي. والجباريات حصلوا على اسمهن من النقطة التي يبدون أنهن آتيات منها، تسمى radiant، تقع في كوكبة الجبار Orion، ولكن يمكن رؤتهن على مساحة واسعة من السماء. والجباريات هن زخة شهب سنوية]] تستمر لنحوأسبوع في أواخر أكتوبر. وفي بعض الأعوام، فإن الشهب قد تحدث بمعدل 50–70 في الساعة.

التاريخ

زخات الشهب كانت تسمى في البداية "النجوم الثاقبة shooting stars" ثم رُبطت بالمذنبات في القرن التاسع عشر. E.C. Herrick made an observation in 1839 and 1840 about the activity present in the October night skies. A. S. Herschel produced the first documented record that gave accurate forecasts for the next meteor shower. The Orionid meteor shower is produced by the well known Halley's Comet, which was named after the astronomer Edmund Halley and last passed through the inner solar system in 1986 on its 75- to 76-year orbit. When the comet passes through the solar system, the sun sublimates some of the ice, allowing rock particles to break away from the comet. These particles continue on the comet's trajectory and appear as meteors ("falling stars") when they pass through Earth's upper atmosphere. Halley's comet is also responsible for creating the Eta Aquariids, which occur each May.

السنة	نطاق تواريخ النشاط	تاريخ الأوج
1839	October 8–15
1864	October 18–20
1981	October 18–21	October 23	20
1984	October 21–24	October 21–24	(flat maximum)
2006	October 2 — November 7	October 21–24	23 with peaks at 67
2007	October 20–24	October 21 (predicted)	70
2008	October 15–29	October 20–22 (predicted)	39
2009	October 18–25	October 22	45
2010		October 23	38
2011		October 22	33
2012	October 2 — November 7	October 20 and October 23	43
2013		October 22	~30
2014	October 2 — November 7	October 21	20?
2015	October 2 — November 7	October 20–21	N/A
2016	October 2 — November 7	October 21	~10–20

* This meteor shower may give double peaks as well as plateaus, and time periods of flat maxima lasting several days.

زخات الشهب ومسقطها

Map of the night sky showing the constellation Orion and Betelgeuse and a portion of the Gemini constellation

The radiant of the Orionids is located between the constellations Orion and Gemini (in the south-eastern sky before dawn, as viewed from mid-northern latitudes. The most active time of the meteor shower was stated by Telegraph.uk.co to be in the early morning of October 21, 2009 6 a.m. Eastern Standard Time in the United States or 11 a.m. in the United Kingdom. Universe Today reported that the meteor shower arrived at 140,000 ميلs (230,000 kم) per hour on the morning of the 21 when showing was predicted to be at its height, however compared to previous showers in years past, the trail of 2009 appeared narrower without branching out. Observers observing the small meteor "Halleyids" at Alabama's Space Flight Center saw streaks radiating in all directions with the naked eye.

معرض صور

An Orionid near the center.
A fish-eye view.
Two Orionids and the Milky Way.
A multicolored Orionid.
An Orionid to the left.
The brightest meteor, a fireball, leaves a persistent smoky trail drifting in high-altitude winds, which is seen on the right side of the image.

انظر أيضاً

List of meteor showers

الهامش

^ Jenniskens, Peter (2006), Meteor Showers And Their Parent Comets, Cambridge University Press, p. 9, ISBN 0521853494, https://books.google.com/books?id=QpajMuyXG8AC&pg=PA9.
^ Moore, Patrick; Rees, Robin (2011), Patrick Moore's Data Book of Astronomy (2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 275, ISBN 0-521-89935-4, https://books.google.com/books?id=2FNfjWKBZx8C&pg=PA275.
^ Kero, J.; Szasz, C.; Nakamura, T.; Meisel, D. D.; Ueda, M.; Fujiwara, Y.; Terasawa, T.; Miyamoto, H.; et al. (October 2011), "First results from the 2009–2010 MU radar head echo observation programme for sporadic and shower meteors: the Orionids 2009", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 416 (4): 2550–2559, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19146.x, Bibcode: 2011MNRAS.416.2550K.
^ Rendtel, Jürgen (2008), "The Orionid meteor shower observed over 70 years", in Trigo-Rodríguez, J. M.; Rietmeijer, F. J. M.; Llorca, Jordi et al., Advances in Meteoroid and Meteor Science, Springer, pp. 106–109, ISBN 0387784187, https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y3POvMXDcgC&pg=PA106.
^ "IMO Meteor Shower Calendar 2009". The International Meteor Organization. 1997–2009. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
^ "Orionids Meteor Shower Lights Up the Sky". PhysOrg.com. 2003–2009. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
^ Jaggard, Victoria (1996–2009). "Orionids Meteor Shower Starts This Weekend". National Geographic News. National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
^ "Orionid". Observing the Orionids. Meteor Showers Online. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
^ Phillips, Dr. Tony (2009-10-19). "NASA – The 2009 Orionid Meteor Shower". NASA. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
^ "Orionids Meteor Shower 2008 of October". Meteor. October 15, 2008. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
^ "October to December 2006". The International Meteor Organization –. 1997–2007. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
^ Stone, Wes. "2006 Orionid Meteor Shower Surprise!" (PDF). Sky tour. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
^ Handwerk, Brian (October 17, 2009). Old Faithful" Orionid Meteor Shower Peaks This Weekend". r National Geographic News. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
^ Orionids 2007: visual data quicklook. imo.net
^ Orionids 2009. imo.net
^ Jaggard, Victoria (October 20, 2009). "2009 Orionid Meteor Shower Peak Begins". National Geographic News. Retrieved 2009-10-20.
^ French, John. "Abrams Planetarium Night Sky Notes". Retrieved 2009-10-21.
^ Orionids 2012: visual data quicklook. imo.net
^ "2013 Orionids Radio results". RMOB. Retrieved 2014-08-13.
^ "Meteor Shower Calendar | IMO | Page 2014". IMO. 2014-06-20. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
^ "2017 Orionid Meteor Shower". Timeanddate.com. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
^ "Look for Orionid meteors this month | Astronomy Essentials". EarthSky. Retrieved 2017-10-16.
^ "Observing the Orionids". Meteor Showers Online. Retrieved 2009-10-19.
^ "Okanagan Observatory's Notes". Okanagan Observatory. 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
^ Collins, Nick (October 21, 2009). "Meteor shower: Orionids reach peak The Orionid meteor shower, a trail of debris left in space by Halley's Comet, was at its most intense in the early hours of Wednesday". Telegraph.co.uk. Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
^ Piotner, Tammy (2009-10-21). "The Orionid Meteor Shower – What Did You See?". Universe Today. Archived from the original on October 24, 2009. Retrieved 2009-10-21.
^ "SpaceWeather.com – News and information about meteor showers, solar flares, auroras, and near-Earth asteroids". Meteor Shower Update: The Orionid meteor shower is subsiding. Spaceweather.com. Retrieved 2009-10-22.