ثان شوه THAN SHWE (بالبورمية: သန်းရွှေ; IPA: [θáɴ ʃwè]؛ ولد في 2 قبراير 1933) هورئيس بورما والقائد الأعلى للتاتماداوورئيس مجلس الدولة للسلام والتنمية منذ 23 أبريل 1992. مجلس الدولة للسلام والتنمية هوالاسم الحالي لمجلس استعادة القانون والنظام المؤسس عام 1988. وهوأيضا رئيس منظمة تضامن الوحدة والتنمية. وهذه الألقاب تعني حتى ثان شوه هورئيس الطغمة الحاكمة في بورما.

الحياة المبكرة

ولد شوه في قرية مينزو، بالقرب من كياوكسه، بورما البريطانية في عام 1933. في عام 1951، التحق شوه بكلية الحكومة العليا في كياوكسه. حصل شوه على وظيفة في مخط بريد ميكيلا كموظف بريد في عام 1952. فيما بعد تطوع في الجيش البورمي وكان in the ninth intake of Army Officer Training School.

عمله العسكري وتوليه السلطة

بعد تخرجه من كلية تدريب الظباط، في 11 يوليو1953 أصبح الملازم ثاني ثان شوي قائدا للفرقة 1 مشاة. ترقى إلى قائد فصيلة برتبة كابتن في نفس الفرقة في 21 فبراير 1957. شارك شوه في عملية عسكرية قامت بها الفرقة 1 مشاة في ولاية كارن، ولاية شان الجنوبية، ومنطقة ثانلوين الشرقية.

في 26 فبراير 1958، نقل ثان شوي لمديرية التربية والتعليم والحرب النفسية التي أنشئت حديثا. رُقي شوي إلى رتبة قائد كتيبة تحت قيادة المنطقة الشمالية العسكرية فيتسعة ديسمبر 1961. أصبح شوي ضابط الحرب النفسية في اللواء الثالث مشاة في أربعة ديسمبر 1961. في 18 ديسمبر 1963، انتقل شوي للتدريس في الكلية السياسية المركزية. أصبح بعدها قائد سرية في الكتيبة 101 مشاة خفيفة بالمقر الرئيسي لوحدة الكتيبة.

Than Shwe was promoted to the rank of Major and posted to the 77th Light Infantry Division on 27 January 1969. He was involved in various military operations carried out by the 77th in Karen Sate, Irrawady Delta region and Bago Hills. He was transferred to Operations Planning Department within the Office of Chief of Staff (ARMY) as a General Staff Officer (G2) on 16 December, 1969.

He became a temporary commander of No. 1 Infantry Battalion on 23 August 1971 and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant colonel onسبعة September 1972. As the commanding officer of No. 1 Infantry Battalion, he was involved in offensive operations against various insurgents carried out by the 88th Light Infantry Division in Bhamo region, northern Shan State, southern Shan State, and eastern Shan State. He was transferred back to Operations Planning Department within the Office of Chief of Staff (ARMY) as a General Staff Officer (G1) on أربعة August 1975. On 26 March 1977, Than Shwe became a colonel and deputy commander of the 88th Light Infantry Division on 2 May 1978.

Than Shwe became commanding officer of the 88th on 29 March 1980. He oversaw the various operation such as Operation Ye Naing Aung, Operation Nay Min Yang and Operation Min Yan Aung carried out by the 88th. In 1981, Than Shwe was elected as a member of the ruling Burma Socialist Programme Party's Central Executive Committee during the fourth session of Party's conference.

He was posted to the South Western Regional Military Command as the commanding officer on 22 July 1983 and subsequently became chairman of Irrawaddy Division Party Committee onخمسة August 1983. He became a brigadier general on 16 August 1984. Than Shwe became Vice Chief of Staff (ARMY) on أربعة November 1985.

Than Shwe was promoted to the rank of major general on أربعة November 1986 and to the rank of lieutenant general on أربعة November 1987. He became Deputy Minister of Defence on 27 July 1988.

After the military coup on 18 September 1988 after the democracy uprising of 1988, Than Shwe became Vice Chairman of State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC), 21-member military cabinet headed by General Saw Maung. He was promoted to the rank of full General and became Vice Commander in Chief of Myanmar Armed Forces (Tatmadaw) and Commander in Chief of Myanmar Army on 18 March 1990.

On 23 April 1992, Senior General Saw Maung unexpectedly resigned citing health reasons, Than Shwe elevated himself to the rank of Senior General and replaced Senior General Saw Maung as head of State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) and Commander in Chief of Myanmar Armed Forces.

نظام حكمه

Than Shwe relaxed some state control over the economy, and was a supporter of Burma's participation in the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). He also oversaw a large crackdown on corruption, which saw the sackings of a number of cabinet ministers and regional commanders in 1997.

The convention for the "Discipline Democracy New Constitution" was convened fromتسعة January 1993 to ثلاثة September 2007, a period of more than 14 years andثمانية months. Although the main opposition party, National League for Democracy (NLD) led by Aung San Suu Kyi, which won the multi-party democracy general election in 1990, did not participate, the chairman of National Convention Lieutenant General Thein Sein announced that the creation of the "Constitution" had been accomplished.

Than Shwe has continued the suppression of the free press in Burma, and has overseen the detention of journalists who oppose his regime. While he oversaw the release of Aung San Suu Kyi during the late 1990s, he also oversaw her return to detention in 2003. Despite his relaxation of some restrictions on Burma's economy, his economic policies have been often criticized as ill-planned.

He maintains a low profile. He tends to be seen as being sullen, humorless and rather withdrawn, a hardliner, skilled manipulator and an opponent of the democratization of Burma. He marks national holidays and ceremonies with messages in the state-run newspapers, but rarely talks to the press. The lavish wedding of his daughter, involving diamonds and champagne, was particularly controversial in a country whose people continue to suffer enormous poverty and enforced austerity.

Power struggles have plagued Burma's military leadership. Than Shwe has been linked to the toppling and arrest of Prime Minister Khin Nyunt in 2004, which has significantly increased his own power. The former premier, who said he supported Aung San Suu Kyi's involvement in the National Convention, was seen as a moderate at odds with the junta's hardliners.

Than Shwe is said to rely heavily on advice from his soothsayers, a style of ruling dating back to Ne Win, a leader who once shot his mirror to avoid bad luck.

In May and November 2006 he met with the United Nations special envoy Ibrahim Gambari in the newly-built capital of Naypyidaw, which had replaced Yangon in the previous year, and permitted Gambari to meet with Aung San Suu Kyi. However, Than Shwe refused to meet Gambari when he visited Burma in November 2007 and again onعشرة March 2008.

In early May 2008, Than Shwe refused many foreign aid workers from entering the country in the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis (May 2, 2008). This led to many criticisms from the UN as well as the international community.

In early July 2009, the UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon visited Burma and held talks with General Than Shwe. The military junta rejected UN Secretary General's request to meet with Aung San Suu Kyi. Than Shwe also commented on the upcoming 2010 Burmese election, saying that by the time the UN chief next visits Burma, ""I will be an ordinary citizen, a lay person, and my colleagues will too because it will be a civilian government."

On 27 August 2010, rumors surfaced that Than Shwe and his deputy, Vice Senior General Maung Aye, along with six other top military officers, had resigned their military posts, and that he was expected to remain head of state until at least the end of the 2011 fiscal year, when he would transfer his position to the elected president. The rumor was proven false as the Burmese state media referred to him as Senior General three days later.

حياته العائلية والصحية

الإعلام الدولي

صنفته مجلة پاراده في الترتيب الرابع على قائمة "أسوأ ديكتاتورات العالم" في عام 2009. صُنف أيضا في الترتيب الثاني على قائمة ليسڤرسه لأسوأ عشر ديكتاتورات أحياء في العالم.

انظر أيضا

• ناي‌پيي‌داو
• Tatmadaw

المصادر

فهرس

• Johnson, Robert (2005). A region in turmoil: South Asian conflicts since 1947. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1861892577.

وصلات خارجية

• Than Shwe Watch at the Irrawaddy
• Than Shwe's daughter's wedding - YouTube