تشارلز فرانكلن كترنگ Charles Franklin Kettering (عاش 29 أغسطس 1876 – 24 نوفمبر أو25 نوفمبر 1958) كان مخترعاً ومهندساً ورجل أعمال أمريكي حاصل على 186 براءة اختراع. وكان أحد مؤسسي دلكو، وكان مدير الأبحاث في جنرال موتورز من 1920 حتى 1947. وبين أكثر اختراعاته انتشاراً في عالم السيارات كان الموتور البادئ كهربائياًوالگاسولين المرصص. وبالتشارك مع شركة دوپون للكيماويات، كان مسئولاً عن اختراع المبرد فريون لأجهزة التبريد وتكييف الهواء، وكذلك تطوير طلاء اللك والمينا المزججة المسمى دوكوDuco، والذي كان أول طلاء ملون عملي للسيارات المنتجة بالجملة. وأثناء عمله في شركة دايتون-رايت طوّر الطوربيد الجوي "البقة"، الذي يُعتبر أول قذيفة جوية في العالم. وقد قاد تطوير محركات ديزل بشوطين عملية وخفيفة، مما أشعل ثورة في صناعتي القطارات والمعدات الثقيلة. وفي 1927، أسس مؤسسة كترنگ، للأبحاث غير الحزبية.

انجازاته

لكترنگ 186 براءة اختراع امريكية. وكانت معظم اختراعاته للأجهزة التي تعمل بالطاقة الكهربية، فقام باختراع أنظمة الإشعال والاضاءة للسيارات. قام باختراع مفاتيح التشغيل الكهربية للسيارات بدلاً من اليدوية. طبقتها لأول مرة شركة كاديلاك للسيارات عام 1912، وساهمت الأجهزة التي تعمل بالكهرباء في نموصناعة السيارات الأمريكية حيث تسنى لأي إنسان تشغيل السيارات أتوماتيكياً. وتضم براءات اختراعاته الأخرى نظام الاضاءة، الفريون،والحاضنات للأطفال المبتسرين. استخدم المولد الذي يعمل بالمحرك مع بطاريات التخزين لتكوين "خلية الدلكو، لتوليد طاقة كهربائية للمزارع والأماكن الأخرى التي تبعد عن شبكات الطاقة الكهربائية.

عام 1918 قام كترنگ بتصميم "الطوربيد الجوي"، وأطلق عليه اسم بقة كترنگ. صاروخ من معجون الورق يزن 300 رطل بأجنحة من الكرتون بطول 12 قدم، ومحرك بقدرة 40 حصان. يمكنه حمل 300 رطل من المواد الشديدة الانفجار بتكلفة 400 دولار. تعتبر هذه "البقة" أول صاروخ جوي في العالم، وأدت الدروس المستفادة من "البقة" إلى تطوير أول الصواريخ الموجهة، والطائرات بدون طيار.

قام بتطوير فكرة دهان الدوكووگاسولين الإثيل. ساعد في تطوير محركات الديزل وسبل استغلال الطاقة الشمسية. كان رائد في تطبيق المغناطيسية في تقنيات التشخيص الطبي.

جعلته اختراعاته، وخاصة مفتاح تشغيل السيارات الكهربي، ثرياً. عام 1945، ساعد في تأسيس ما يُعهد اليوم باسم مركز سلون-كترنگ التذكاري للسرطان، على وعد بأن تقنيات الأبحاث الصناعية الأمريكية يفترض أن يتم تطبيقها على أبحاث السرطان.^[]

حاز على وسام فرانكلين عام 1936.

في 1 يناير 1998، غير معهد جنرال موتورز السابق اسمه إلى جامعة كترنگ تكريما لمؤسسه تشارلز كترنگ.

حياته الشخصية

عام 1905 تزوج كترنگ من أوليڤ وليامز من أشلاند، أوهايو. ووُلد طفلهم الوحيد أوجين وليامز كترنگ في 20 أبريل 1908.

بنى كترنگ منزلاً، ريدج‌ليگ تراس عام 1914. حسب مصادر محلية، فإن هذا المنزل كان أول منزل في الولايات المتحدة يوجد به مكيف هواء كهربائي. ظل ريدج‌ليگ تراس منزلاً لابنه أوجين كترنگ، حتى وفاته. عاشت زوجة كترنگ، ڤرجينيا كترنگ ، في المنزل نفسه لسنوات عدة، وقامت بترميمه واعادة تأثيثه. عام 1994، شب حريق ألحق بالمنزل أضراراً بالغة، وكانت ڤرجينيا حينها في الثمانين من عمرها، وأعادت بناؤه مرة أخرى حسب التصميم الأصلي. استمرت ڤرجينيا في الاقامة هناك حتى انتقلت إلى جناح في مركز كترنگ الطبي وكانت قد بلغت التسعين.

ذكراه

عام 1998، غير معهد جنرال موتورز في فلنت، مشيگن، اسمه ليصبح جامعة كترنگ تكريماً لتشارلز كترنگ. بقيت قيمه، براعته واعتقاداته في التعليم التعاوني هناك. ولذكراه أيضاً أقيم مركز سلون-كترنگ التذكاري للسرطان، وهومركز لأبحاث وعلاج السرطان في مدينة نيويورك، تابع لشبكة كترنگ الصحية، التي تضم الكثير من المستشفيات والمراكز الطبية بالإضافة إلى كلية كترنگ للفنون الطبية في كترنگ، اوهايو. سُميت مدينة كترنگ، أوهايو، من ضواحي دايتون، على اسم تشارلز كترنگ، عند إدراجها عن 1955.

مهبط مك‌كوك لاختبارات الطيران التابع القوات الجوية العسكرية الأمريكية، الموجود حالياً في منتزه دايتون، يطلق عليه مهبط كترنگ.

وتحمل الكثير من المدارس الحكومية في الولايات المتحدة اسم كترنگ:

• مدرسة تشارلز ف. كترنگ الثانوية في واترفورد، ميچگن.
• مدرسة تشارلز ف. كترنگ الابتدائية في يپسيلانتي، ميچگن.
• مدرسة تشارلز ف. كترنگ الابتدائية في لونگ بيتش، كاليفورنيا.
• مدرسة كترنگ فيرمونت الثانوية في كترنگ، أوهايو.
• معمل كترنگ في قسم الصحة البيئية بجامعة كيكيناتي.
• معمل كترنگ في مبنى الهندسى بجامعة دايتون.
• مركز كترنگ للعلوم في حرم جامعة أشلاند بأوهايو.
• يوجد أوليڤ وليامز كترنگ كرسي في قسم الموسيقى بكلية ووستر تكريماً لزوجته أوليڤ.

براءات الاختراع

• U.S. Patent 1٬150٬523  جهاز تشغيل المحرك، بتاريخ: 15 يونيو1911

مأثورات عنه

99% من النجاح مبنية على الفشل.

A person must have a certain amount of intelligent ignorance to get anywhere.

A problem well stated is a problem half-solved.

A research problem is not solved by apparatus; it is solved in a man's head.

An inventor fails 999 times, and if he succeeds once, he's in. He treats his failures simply as practice shots.

An inventor is simply a fellow who doesn't take his education too seriously. You see, from the time a person is six years old until he graduates form college he has to take three or four examinations a year. If he flunks once, he is out. But an inventor is almost always failing. He tries and fails maybe a thousand times. It he succeeds once then he's in. These two things are diametrically opposite. We often say that the biggest job we have is to teach a newly hired employee how to fail intelligently. We have to train him to experiment over and over and to keep on trying and failing until he learns what will work.

Bankers regard research as most dangerous a thing that makes banking hazardous due to the rapid changes it brings about in industry.

Believe and act as if it were impossible to fail.

Every great improvement has come after repeated failures. Virtually nothing comes out right the first time. Failures, repeated failures, are finger posts on the road to achievement. One fails forward toward success.

Every time you tear a leaf off a calendar, you present a new place for new ideas and progress.

Great steps in human progress are made by things that don't work the way philosophy thought they should. If things always worked the way they should, you could write the history of the world from now on. But they don't, and it is those deviations from the normal that make human progress.

High achievement always takes place in the framework of high expectation.

I often say that research is a way of finding out what you are going to do when you can't keep on doing what you are doing now.

If I want to stop a research program I can always do it by getting a few experts to sit in on the subject, because they know right away that it was a fool thing to try in the first place.

If you have always done it that way, it is probably wrong.

If you want to kill any idea in the world, get a committee working on it.

In America we can say what we think, and even if we can't think, we can say it anyhow.

In many ways ideas are more important than people - they are much more permanent.

Inventing is a combination of brains and materials. The more brains you use, the less material you need. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Invention (134)

It doesn't matter if you try and try and try again, and fail. It does matter if you try and fail, and fail to try again. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Failure (50)

It is not a disgrace to fail. Failing is one of the greatest arts in the world. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Failure (50)

It is not what we know that is important, it is what we do not know. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Knowledge (578)

It's amazing what ordinary people can do if they set out without preconceived notions. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Achievement (59)

Keep on going and the chances are you will stumble on something, perhaps when you are least expecting it. I have never heard of anyone stumbling on something sitting down. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Research (308)

Knowing is not understanding. There is a great difference between knowing and understanding: you can know a lot about something and not really understand it. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Knowledge (578) | Understanding (189)

My definition of an educated man is the fellow who knows the right thing to do at the time it has to be done. You can be sincere and still be stupid. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Achievement (59) | Education (153)

My interest is in the future because I am going to spend the rest of my life there. — Charles F. Kettering Quoted in 'Thoughts on the Business of Life', Forbes (), 62, 34. 0 Reviews Forbes Inc., 1948 Science quotes on: | Future (79)

No one would have crossed the ocean if he could have gotten off the ship in the storm. — Charles F. Kettering Quoted in 'Looking ahead with Boss Ket', Popular Mechanics (Feb 1935), 63, No. 2, 202. Science quotes on: | Achievement (59)

Nothing ever built ... arose to touch the skies unless some man dreamed that it should, some man believed that it could, and some man willed that it must. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Achievement (59)

Our imagination is the only limit to what we can hope to have in the future. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Imagination (104)

People are very open-minded about new things - as long as they're exactly like the old ones. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Habit (31)

People see the wrongness in an idea much quicker that the rightness. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Error (139)

People think of the inventor as a screwball, but no one asks the inventor what he thinks of other people. — Charles F. Kettering In Evan Esar, 20,000 Quips and Quotes, 443. Science quotes on: | Inventor (20)

People think of the inventor as a screwball, but no one ever asks the inventor what he thinks of other people. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Inventor (20)

Problems are the price of progress. Don't bring me anything but trouble. Good news weakens me. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Problem (143) | Progress (173)

Research is an organized method for keeping you reasonably dissatisfied with what you have. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Research (308)

Research is industrial prospecting. The oil prospectors use every scientific means to find new paying wells. Oil is found by each one of a number of methods. My own group of men are prospecting in a different field, using every possible scientific means. We believe there are still things left to be discovered. We have only stumbled upon a few barrels of physical laws from the great pool of knowledge. Some day we are going to hit a gusher. — Charles F. Kettering 'Industrial Prospecting', an address to the Founder Societies of Engineers (20 May 1935). In National Research Council, Reprint and Circular Series of the National Research Council (1933), No. 107, 1. Science quotes on: | Belief (111) | Discovery (305) | Industry (41) | Knowledge (578) | Law (237) | Oil (16) | Pool (2) | Research (308) | Stumble (3)

So long as new ideas are created, sales will continue to reach new highs. — Charles F. Kettering In Forbes (1946), 57, 46. Science quotes on: | Idea (169)

Suppose the results of a line of study are negative. It might save a lot of otherwise wasted money to know a thing won't work. But how do you accurately evaluate negative results? ... The power plant in [the recently developed streamline trains] is a Diesel engine of a type which was tried out many [around 25] years ago and found to be a failure. ... We didn't know how to build them. The principle upon which it operated was sound. [Since then much has been] learned in metallurgy [and] the accuracy with which parts can be manufactured When this type of engine was given another chance it was an immediate success [because now] an accuracy of a quarter of a tenth of a thousandth of an inch [prevents high-pressure oil leaks]. ... If we had taken the results of past experience without questioning the reason for the first failure, we would never have had the present light-weight, high-speed Diesel engine which appears to be the spark that will revitalize the railroad business. — Charles F. Kettering 'Industrial Prospecting', an address to the Founder Societies of Engineers (20 May 1935). In National Research Council, Reprint and Circular Series of the National Research Council (1933), No. 107, 2-3. Science quotes on: | Accuracy (28) | Experience (110) | Failure (50) | Leak (2) | Manufacturing (13) | Money (80) | Negative (9) | Oil (16) | Principle (85) | Railroad (4) | Result (97) | Train (6)

The difference between intelligence and education is this: intelligence will make you a good living. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Education (153)

The future can be anything we want it to be, providing we have the faith and that we realize that peace, no less than war, required 'blood and sweat and tears.' — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Future (79)

The only difference between a problem and a solution is that people understand the solution. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Problem (143) | Solution (100)

The only time you mustn't fail is the last time you try. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Failure (50) | Success (88)

The opportunities of man are limited only by his imagination. But so few have imagination that there are ten thousand fiddlers to one composer. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Imagination (104) | Opportunity (15)

The simplest way to assure sales is to keep changing the product the market for new things is indefinitely elastic. One of the fundamental purposes of advertising, styling, and research is to foster a healthy dissatisfaction. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Advertising (6) | Research (308)

The world hates change, yet it is the only thing that has brought progress. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Change (101) | Progress (173)

The Wright brothers flew right through the smoke screen of impossibility. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Achievement (59) | Impossible (20)

There exist limitless opportunities in every industry. Where there is an open mind, there will always be a frontier. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Imagination (104) | Opportunity (15)

There will always be a frontier where there is an open mind and a willing hand. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Achievement (59)

Thinking is one thing no one has ever been able to tax. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Tax (10) | Thought (133)

We have reason not to be afraid of the machine, for there is always constructive change, the enemy of machines, making them change to fit new conditions. We suffer not from overproduction but from undercirculation. You have heard of technocracy. I wish I had those fellows for my competitors. I'd like to take the automobile it is said they predicted could be made now that would last fifty years. Even if never used, this automobile would not be worth anything except to a junkman in ten years, because of the changes in men's tastes and ideas. This desire for change is an inherent quality in human nature, so that the present generation must not try to crystallize the needs of the future ones. We have been measuring too much in terms of the dollar. What we should do is think in terms of useful materials—things that will be of value to us in our daily life. — Charles F. Kettering In 'Quotation Marks: Against Technocracy', New York Times (1 Han 1933), E4. Science quotes on: | Afraid (6) | Automobile (5) | Change (101) | Circulation (11) | Competitor (2) | Condition (50) | Construction (24) | Daily Life (2) | Desire (32) | Doing (17) | Dollar (8) | Enemy (20) | Fifty (3) | Future (79) | Generation (38) | Human Nature (33) | Idea (169) | Inherent (12) | Junk (2) | Machine (46) | Measurement (100) | Need (29) | New (64) | Prediction (35) | Present (18) | Production (58) | Quality (20) | Reason (136) | Suffering (16) | Taste (15) | Ten (3) | Term (25) | Thinking (134) | Use (38) | Usefulness (47) | Value (44) | Wish (16) | Worth (14) | Year (28)

We need to teach the highly educated man that it is not a disgrace to fail and that he must analyze every failure to find its cause. He must learn how to fail intelligently, for failing is one of the greatest arts in the world. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Education (153) | Failure (50)

We should all be concerned about the future because we will have to spend the rest of our lives there. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Future (79)

We work day after day, not to finish things; but to make the future better ... because we will spend the rest of our lives there. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Future (79) | Work (142)

When I was research head of General Motors and wanted a problem solved, I'd place a table outside the meeting room with a sign: 'Leave slide rules here.' If I didn't do that, I'd find someone reaching for his slide rule. Then he'd be on his feet saying, 'Boss, you can't do it.' — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Achievement (59)

Whenever you look at a piece of work and you think the fellow was crazy, then you want to pay some attention to that. One of you is likely to be, and you had better find out which one it is. It makes an awful lot of difference. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Achievement (59)

You can send a message around the world in one-fifth of a second, yet it may take years for it to get from the outside of a man's head to the inside. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Habit (31)

You can't have a better tomorrow if you are thinking about yesterday all the time. — Charles F. Kettering Science quotes on: | Future (79)

You will never stub your toe standing still. The faster you go, the more chance there is of stubbing your toe, but the more chance you have of getting somewhere.

طالع أيضاً

• Thomas Midgley, Jr. & Leaded Gasoline
• Thomas Midgley, Jr. & Freon

الهامش

ببليوگرافيا

• Boyd, T. A. (1957). Professional Amateur: The Biography of Charles Franklin Kettering. New York, NY, USA: E. P. Dutton & Co. OCLC 565024. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. http://www.worldcat.org/title/professional-amateur-the-biography-of-charles-franklin-kettering/oclc/565024 
• Cornelisse, Diana G. Splendid Vision, Unswerving Purpose: Developing Air Power for the United States Air Force During the First Century of Powered Flight. Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: U.S. Air Force Publications, 2002. ISBN 0-16-067599-5.
• نطقب:Sloan1964

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Charles F. Kettering.

• Kettering Foundation
• Kettering Family Philanthropies
• All-electric starting and Freon
• Inventor Hall of Fame
• Article includes a photo of Ridgeleigh Terrace
• Charles F. Kettering Memorial Hospital
• Engineers Club of Dayton
• Biography of Charles Kettering
• Today in Science History - collection of radio talks given by Kettering in 1942-1945 on science and invention, including transportation.
• Biography of Kettering from IEEE
• FBI file on Charles Kettering