الريڤييرا الفرنسية

Map showing the extent of the Côte d'Azur.

الريڤييرا الفرنسية أوكوت دازور Cote d'Azur النهاية الشرقية لساحل البحر الأبيض المتوسط في فرنسا. وتضم هذه المنطقة جزءًا من الريفييرا الفرنسية، وهي منتجع مشهور لتمضية العطلات. انظر: الريفييرا. ويعني الاسم الفرنسي كوت دازور ساحل اللازورد، وقد أطلق الاسم على المنطقة بسبب الزرقة الجميلة للبحر والسماء. وتمتد على الشاطئ بساتين النخيل وأشجار البرتنطق، وحدائق الأزهار الاستوائية المتألقة. وهذا الجزء منطقة للترويح يؤمها السياح من جميع أنحاء العالم. وتضم المدن الرئيسية في هذه المنطقة أنتيب، وكان، ونيس في فرنسا، ومونت كارلوفي موناكو.

التسمية

أصول الاسم Côte d'Azur

View of Port Hercule, Monaco

The Old Town district of Menton, which is the last
town on the Côte d'Azur before the Italian frontier.

كونتات پروڤانس وبيت گريمالدي

The ruins of the Grimaldi castle at Grimaud, near Saint-Tropez.

Popularity with the British upper class in 18^th and 19^th centuries

Seafront at Nice, capital of the Alpes-Maritimes département.

Queen Victoria in 1887.

Post-war period and late 20^th century

The Palais des Festivals et des Congrès, home of the Cannes Film Festival.

جغرافيا

Cap Ferrat; Plage la Paloma, a beach on the Côte d'Azur.

Saint-Jeannet, in Alpes-Maritimes.

Port of Porquerolles, an island in Var.

Courtade's Beach on Porquerolles.

الأماكن

Places on the Côte d'Azur (following the broadest definition), following the coast from south-west to north-east, include:

Cassis
La Ciotat
Bandol
Sanary-sur-Mer
Six-Fours-les-Plages
Toulon
Hyères and the Îles d'Hyères (Porquerolles, Port-Cros and Île du Levant)
Le Lavandou
Cavalaire-sur-Mer
Saint-Tropez
Inland - Grimaud, with Port-Grimaud on the coast
Sainte-Maxime
Fréjus and Saint-Raphaël
Inland - Fayence
Théoule-sur-Mer
Mandelieu and La Napoule
Inland - Grasse
Inland - Mougins
the Îles de Lérins - Île Sainte-Marguerite and Île Saint-Honorat
Cannes
Inland - Vallauris
Inland - Valbonne
Inland - Sophia-Antipolis
Golfe-Juan
Juan-les-Pins
Antibes
Inland - Biot
Villeneuve-Loubet
Cagnes-sur-Mer
Inland - Vence
Inland - Saint-Paul-de-Vence
Inland - Saint-Jeannet
Saint-Laurent-du-Var
Nice
Villefranche-sur-Mer
Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat
Beaulieu-sur-Mer
Èze
Cap d'Ail
Monaco (including Monte-Carlo)
Beausoleil
Roquebrune-Cap-Martin
Menton

المناخ

أحداث ومهرجانات

Several major events take place:

Monaco and southeast France; Rallye Automobile Monte-Carlo, January
Monaco; International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo, January / February
Nice; Carnival, February
Menton; Lemon Festival, February
Tourrettes-sur-Loup; Violet Festival, March
Monaco; Formula One Grand Prix race, May
Grasse; Rose Festival, May
Cannes; Cannes Film Festival and Cannes Film Market, May
Nice; Jazz Festival, July
Juan-les-Pins; Jazz à Juan, late July.
Grasse; Jasmine Festival, August

رسامون

Paul Signac, The Port of Saint-Tropez, oil on canvas, 1901.

The climate and vivid colours of the Mediterranean attracted many famous artists during the 19^th and 20^th centuries. They included:

Pierre Bonnard (1867-1947); retired to and died at Le Cannet.
Georges Braque (1882-1963); painted frequently at L'Estaque between 1907 and 1910.
Roger Broders (1883-1953); Parisian travel poster illustrator.
Paul Cézanne (1839-1906); a native of Aix-en-Provence, Cézanne painted at L'Estaque between 1878 and 1882.
Henri-Edmond Cross (1856-1910); discovered the Côte d'Azur in 1883, and painted at Monaco and Hyères.
Maurice Denis (1870-1943); painted at St. Tropez and Bandol.
André Derain (1880-1954); painted at L'Estaque and Martigues.
Raoul Dufy (1877-1953); whose wife was from Nice, painted in the region, including in Nice, Marseille and Martigues.
Albert Marquet (1873-1947); painted at Marseille, St. Tropez and L'Estaque.
Henri Matisse (1869-1954); first visited St. Tropez in 1904. In 1917 he settled in Nice, first at the Hôtel Beau Rivage, then at the Hôtel de la Méditerranée, then at la Villa des Alliés in Cimiez. In 1921 he lived in an apartment in Nice, next to the flower market and overlooking the sea, where he lived until 1938. He then moved to the Hôtel Régina in the hills of Cimiez, above Nice. During World War II he lived in Vence, then returned to Cimiez, where he died and is buried.
Claude Monet (1840-1927); visited Menton, Bordighera, Juan-les-Pins, Monte Carlo, Nice, Cannes, Beaulieu and Villefranche, and painted a number of seascapes of Cap Martin, near Menton, and at Cap d'Antibes.
Edvard Munch (1863-1944); visited and painted in Nice and Monte Carlo (where he developed a passion for gambling), and rented a villa at Saint-Jean-Cap-Ferrat in 1891.
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973); spent each summer from 1919 to 1939 on the Côte d'Azur, and moved there permanently in 1946, first at Vallauris, then at Mougins, where he spent his last years.
Auguste Renoir (1841-1919); visited Beaulieu, Grasse, Saint-Raphaël and Cannes, before finally settling in Cagnes-sur-Mer in 1907, where he bought a farm in the hills and built a new house and workshop on the grounds. He continued to paint there until his death in 1919. His house is now a museum.
Paul Signac (1863-1935); visited St. Tropez in 1892, and bought a villa, La Hune, at the foot of citadel in 1897. It was at his villa that his friend, Henri Matisse, painted his famous Luxe, Calme et Volupté in 1904. Signac made numerous paintings along the coast.

انظر أيضا

الريڤييرا الايطالية
Gardens of Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
Gulf of Genoa
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur
The article Riviera provides links to articles on the many coastal strips around the world which are known as Riviera

بيبليوگرافيا

التاريخ

Aldo Bastié, Histoire de la Provence, Éditions Ouest-France, 2001.
Mary Blume, Côte d'Azur: Inventing the French Riviera, Thames and Hudson, London, 1992.
Patrick Howarth, When the Riviera was Ours, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1977.
Jim Ring, Riviera, the Rise and Fall of the Côte d'Azur, John Murray Publishers, London, 1988.

رسامون

La Méditerranée de Courbet à Matisse, catalog of the exhibit at the Grand Palais, Paris from September 2000 to January 2001. Published by the Réunion des musées nationaux, 2000.