هوك‌ين
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هوك‌ين ( //؛ من الصينية التقليدية: 福建話; پخ-اوه-جي: Hok-kiàn-oē)؛ بالإنگليزية: Hokkien) هي فئة من لهجات من الجنوبية (Min Nan) الصينية المحكية في أراتى جنوب شرق الصين، تايوان وجنوب شرق آسيا، كما يستخدمها صينيون آخرون وراء البحار. Hokkien originated in southern Fujian, the Minnan region. It is closely related to Teochew, though there is limited mutual intelligibility, and is somewhat more distantly related to Hainanese. Besides Hokkien, there are also other Min and Hakka dialects in Fujian province, most of which are not mutually intelligible with Hokkien.
Hokkien historically served as the lingua franca amongst overseas Chinese communities of all dialects and subgroups in Southeast Asia, and remains today as the most spoken variety of Chinese in the region (including in Singapore, Indonesia, the Philippines, Penang and other parts of peninsular Malaysia, and most of Indochina.
الأسماء
The term Hokkien ([hɔk˥kiɛn˨˩]) is etymologically derived from the Southern Min pronunciation for Fujian (福建), the province from which the language hails. In Southeast Asia and the English press, "Hokkien" is used in common parlance to refer to the Southern Min dialects of southern Fujian, and does not include reference to dialects of other Sinitic branches also present in Fujian such as Eastern Min or Hakka. In Chinese linguistics, these dialects are known by their classification under the Quanzhang Division (بالصينية: 泉漳片; پن‌ين: Quánzhāng piàn) of Min Nan, which comes from the first characters of the two main Hokkien urban centers of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou. The variety is also known by other terms such as the more general Min Nan (صينية تقليدية: 閩南語 / 閩南話; پخ-اوه-جي: Bân-lâm-gí / Bân-lâm-oē) or "Southern Min", "Holo" and "Hoklo" (الصينية التقليدية: 福佬話; پخ-اوه-جي: Hō-ló-oē). "Fujianese" and "Fukienese" are also used, although they are somewhat imprecise.
The term "Hokkien" is not usually used in Mainland China or Taiwan. Conversely "Hokkien" is the referred name in Southeast Asia in both English, Chinese or other languages.
Speakers of Hokkien, particularily those in Southeast Asia, typically refer to Hokkien as a dialect, rather than a language. People in Taiwan most often refer to Hokkien as the "Taiwanese language", with Minnan and Holo also being used and "福建話" (fújiàn huà) is not as common.[بحاجة لمصدر]
التوزيع الجغرافي
Hokkien originated in the southern region of Fujian province, an important centre for trade and migration, and has since become one of the most common Chinese varieties overseas. The major pole of Hokkien varieties outside of Fujian is Taiwan, where, during the 200 years of Qing dynasty rule, thousands of immigrants from Fujian arrived yearly. The Taiwanese variants mostly have origins with the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects.
التبويب
جنوب فوجيان وجزء من غربها هما موطن أربع لهجات هوك‌ين رئيسية: تشين‌تشـِوْ وآموي وتشيانگ‌تشـِوْ، ولونگ‌يان ينبعون من مدن تشوان‌ژووشيامن وژانگ‌ژوولونگ‌يان (بالترتيب).
التاريخ
انظر أيضاً
- Penang Hokkien
- Taiwanese Hokkien
- Medan Hokkien
- Singaporean Hokkien
- Amoy dialect
- Lan-nang (Philippine dialect of Hokkien)
- Teochew dialect
- Languages of China
- Languages of Taiwan
- Amoy Min Nan Swadesh list
الملاحظات
- ^ also Quanzhang (Quanzhou-Zhangzhou / Chinchew–Changchew؛ BP: Zuánziū–Ziāngziū)
المراجع
- ^ (in الصينية). Zh.wikisource.org. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
- ^ نطقب:Glottolog
- ^ نطقب:Glottolog
- ^ West (2010), pp. 289-90.
للاستزادة
- Branner, David Prager (2000). Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology — the Classification of Miin and Hakka. Trends in Linguistics series, no. 123. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN .
- Chung, R.-f (196). The segmental phonology of Southern Min in Taiwan. Taipei: Crane Pub. Co. ISBN .
- DeBernardi, Jean (1991). "Linguistic nationalism: the case of Southern Min". Sino-Platonic Papers. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. 25. OCLC 24810816.
- Ding, Picus Sizhi (2016). Southern Min (Hokkien) as a Migrating Language. Springer. ISBN .
- Klöter, Henning (2011). The Language of the Sangleys: A Chinese Vernacular in Missionary Sources of the Seventeenth Century. BRILL. ISBN . An analysis and facsimile of the Arte de la Lengua Chio-chiu (1620), the oldest extant grammar of Hokkien.
وصلات خارجية
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[Litchi Mirror Tale]. Invalid
|script-title=: missing prefix (help) A playscript from the late 16th century. - . Manila. 1607. Hokkien translation of the Doctrina Christiana.
- . Manila. 1620. A manual for learning Hokkien written by a Spanish missionary in the Philippines.
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[Compilation of the fifteen elegant and vulgar sounds]. 1818. Invalid
|script-title=: missing prefix (help) The oldest known rhyme dictionary of a Zhangzhou dialect. - Medhurst, Walter Henry (1832). . Macao: C.J. Steyn.
- Douglas, Carstairs (1899). . London: Presbyterian Church of England.
- 當代泉州音字彙, a dictionary of Quanzhou speech
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Voyager - Spacecraft - Golden Record - Greetings From Earth - Amoy, includes translation and sound clip
- (The voyager clip says: Thài-khong pêng-iú, lín-hó. Lín chia̍h-pá--bē? Ū-êng, to̍h lâi gún chia chē--ô͘! 太空朋友，恁好。恁食飽未？有閒著來阮遮坐哦!)
نطقب:Southern Min Languages نطقب:Min Chinese
