| | ابحث في الموسوعة عن مواضيع متعلقة بسنة 1860

سنة 1860 (MDCCCLX) كانت سنة كبيسة تبدأ يوم الأحد (الرابط يعرض التقويم كاملاً) التقويم الگريگوري، السنة 1860 بعد الميلاد (م)، السنة 860 في الألفية 2، السنة 60 في القرن 19، والسنة 1st في عقد 1860 بين 1583 و1929 ومع فارق 1860 is 12 يوم عن التقويم اليوليوسي، والذين ظلوا مستخدمين حتى التحول الكامل إلى التقويم الگريگوري في 1929.

أحداث

يناير-مارس

• 2 يناير - The discovery of a hypothetical planet Vulcan is announced at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France.
• Januaryعشرة – The Pemberton Mill in Lawrence, Massachusetts collapses, killing 146 workers.
• January 13 – Battle of Tétouan, Morocco: Spanish troops under General Leopoldo O'Donnell, 1st Duke of Tetuanat defeat the Moroccan Army.
• January 20 – Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour is recalled as Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia.
• February 22 – Shoe-making workers of Lynn, Massachusetts, strike successfully for higher wages. The strike spreads throughout New England, and eventually involves 20,000 workers.
• February 26 – White settlers massacre a band of Wiyot Indians on Indian Island, near Eureka, California. At least 60 women, children and elders are killed. Bret Harte, newspaper reporter in Arcata, reports the news to newspapers in San Francisco.
• February 28 – The Artists Rifles is established, as the 38th Middlesex (Artists) Rifle Volunteer Corps, with headquarters at Burlington House in London.
• Marchستة – While campaigning for the presidency, Abraham Lincoln makes a speech defending the right to strike.
• Marchتسعة – The first Japanese ambassadors to the United States arrive in San Francisco.
• March 17 – The First Taranaki War begins at Waitara, New Zealand, when Māori refuse to sell land to British settlers.
• March 22 – The Grand Duchy of Tuscany is annexed to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy.
• March 24 – Sakuradamon Incident: Rōnin samurai of the Mito Domain in Japan assassinate tairō (Chief Minister) Ii Naosuke outside the Sakurada Gate of Edo Castle, dissafected with his role in the opening of Japan to foreign powers.
• March–August – The second rout of the Jiangnan Daying destroys the Qing dynasty's army of 180,000.

أبريل-يونيو

• April 2 – The first Italian Parliament meets at Turin.
• April ثلاثة – The Pony Express begins its first run from St. Joseph, Missouri to Sacramento, California, with riders carrying a small Bible.
• April أربعة – A new uprising erupts in Palermo.
• Aprilتسعة – French typesetter Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville sings the French folk song "Au clair de la lune" to his phonautograph, producing the world's earliest known sound recording (however, it is not rediscovered until 2008).
• May 1 – A Chondrite-type meteorite falls to earth in Muskingum County, Ohio, near the town of New Concord.
• Mayستة – Expedition of the Thousand: Giuseppe Garibaldi and his troops depart from Quarto.
• Mayثمانية – In New Granada (modern-day Colombia) the southern state of Cauca secedes from the central government, in protest at the suggestion of increase of presidential powers; Magdalena and Bolívar join it; civil war erupts.
• Mayتسعة – The U.S. Constitutional Union Party holds its convention, and nominates John Bell for President of the United States.
• May 15 – Expedition of the Thousand – Battle of Calatafimi: Troops under Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat the army of Naples in Sicily.
• May 17 – The German association football club TSV 1860 München is founded.
• May 18 – Abraham Lincoln is selected as the U.S. presidential candidate for the Republican Party, in Chicago, Illinois.
• May 27 – Garibaldi's forces take Palermo, the capital of Sicily.
• May 28 – One of the worst storms ever experienced in the region hits the east coast of England, sinking more than 100 ships and killing at least 40 people.
• 12 June [ن.ق. 31 May] 1860 – The State Bank of the Russian Empire is established.
• June 30 – A historic debate about evolution is held, at the Oxford University Museum.

يوليو-سبتمبر

• July 2 – Vladivostok is founded in Russia.
• Julyتسعة – The Nightingale Training School and Home for Nurses, the first nursing school based on the ideas of Florence Nightingale, is opened at St Thomas' Hospital in London.
• July 11 – Mutsuhito (the future Emperor Meiji) becomes Crown Prince of Japan.
• July 20 – Battle of Milazzo: The forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi defeat royal Neapolitan forces near Messina, bringing nearly all of Sicily under Garibaldi's control.
• August 22 – Assisted by the British Navy, the troops of Giuseppe Garibaldi cross from Sicily to the Italian mainland.
• September 1 A solar coronal mass ejection hits Earth's magnetosphere, and induces one of the largest geomagnetic storms on record.
• September 3–Septemberخمسة – The First International Chemistry Congress is held in Karlsruhe, Baden.
• September 7
  • The نطقب:PS is accidentally rammed and sunk in Lake Michigan; hundreds drown.
  • Giuseppe Garibaldi's forces capture Naples.
• Septemberعشرة – Piedmontese forces invade the Papal States, hoping to link up with Garibaldi in Naples.
• September 18 – Battle of Castelfidardo: The Piedmontese decisively defeat the Papal forces, allowing them to continue their march into Neapolitan territory, and effectively reducing the Papal States to the territory around Rome.
• September 24 – Battle of Guayaquil: Ecuadorian forces, led by Juan José Flores and Gabriel García Moreno, take the port of Guayaquil from Supreme Chief Guillermo Franco, who is backed by Peruvian forces.

أكتوبر-ديسمبر

• October – John Hanning Speke and James Augustus Grant leave Zanzibar, to search for the source of the Nile River.
• October 1 – Battle of Volturnus: Garibaldi defeats the last organized army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.
• Octoberخمسة – Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and the Ottoman Empire form a commission to investigate the causes of the massacres of Maronite Christians, committed by Druzes in Lebanon earlier in the year.
• October 17 – The Open Championship, also known as the British Open, is played for the first time at Prestwick Golf Club in Ayrshire, Scotland. The event is won by Willie Park Sr
• October 18 – The first Convention of Peking formally ends the Second Opium War.
• October 18–21 – Beijing's Old Summer Palace is burned to the ground by orders of British general Lord Elgin, in retaliation for mistreatment of several prisoners of war, during the Second Opium War.
• October 19 – A new Māori revolt begins in New Zealand.
• October 26
  • Garibaldi again defeats the Neapolitan forces, advancing on Gaeta, the last remaining Neapolitan strong-point.
  • Meeting at Teano: Giuseppe Garibaldi gives Naples to King Victor Emmanuel II, recognizing him as King of Italy.
• November ثلاثة – The combined forces of Giuseppe Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel II besiege King Francis II of the Two Sicilies in Gaeta, his last remaining stronghold.
• Novemberستة – U.S. presidential election: Abraham Lincoln beats John C. Breckinridge, Stephen A. Douglas, and John Bell, and is elected as the 16th President of the United States, the first Republican to hold that office.
• December 1 – Charles Dickens publishes the first installment of Great Expectations in his magazine All the Year Round.
• Decemberسبعة – After a fiercely contested campaign, Monier Monier-Williams is elected as the new Boden Professor of Sanskrit, at Oxford University.
• December 20 – South Carolina becomes the first state to secede from the United States.

• December 26 – First Rules derby is held between Sheffield F.C. and Hallam F.C., the oldest football fixture in the world.
• December 29 – The world's first ocean-going (all) iron-hulled and armoured battleship, the (British) , is launched.

تاريخ غير معروف

• Christians and Druzes clash in Damascus, Syria.
• In Buenos Aires, leader Bartolomé Mitre subverts the Argentine Confederation, and begins to establish a new centralist government, with the help of Uruguayan Colorado party leader Venancio Flores.
• China agrees, in an unequal treaty imposed on it, to allow missionaries to proselytize throughout the country.
• Discovery of the chemical elements: Robert Bunsen discovers caesium and rubidium.
• German chemist Albert Niemann makes a detailed analysis of the coca leaf, isolating and purifying the alkaloid, which he calls cocaine.
• Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, and Empress Eugénie visit Algiers and stay at the Casbah of Algiers.
• Augustana College is founded in Chicago, Illinois by Scandinavian immigrants.
• Britain produces 20% of the entire world's output of industrial goods.
• The Russian Empire has c. 1,250 ميلs (2,010 kم) of railroads.
• The American South has c. أربعة million slaves.
• 1860–1900– 14 million immigrants come to the United States.

مواليد

يناير-يونيو

• January ثلاثة – Kato Takaaki, 24th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1926)
• Januaryثمانية – Emma Booth, fourth child of William and Catherine Booth (d. 1903)
• January 17
  • Charles K. French, American actor, film director, and screenwriter (d. 1952)
  • Douglas Hyde, 1st President of Ireland (d. 1949)
• January 21 – Karl Staaff, Swedish lawyer, politician, 11th Prime Minister of Sweden (d. 1915)
• January 25 – Charles Curtis, 31st Vice President of the United States (d. 1936)
• January 28 – W. G. Read Mullan, American Jesuit, academic (d. 1910)
• January 29
  • William Jacob Baer, American painter (d. 1941)
  • Anton Chekhov, Russian writer (d. 1904)
• February 11 – Rachilde, French author (d. 1953)
• February 14 – Eugen Schiffer, German politician (d. 1954)
• February 18 – Anders Zorn, Swedish artist (d. 1920)
• February 25 – Sir William Ashley, English economic historian (d. 1927)
• February 28 – Carl Georg Barth, American mathematician, mechanical engineer (d. 1939)
• February 29 – Herman Hollerith, American businessman, inventor (d. 1929)
• March 2 – Susanna M. Salter, first woman mayor in the United States (d. 1961)
• Marchخمسة – Sam Thompson, American baseball player (d. 1922)
• March 13 – Hugo Wolf, Austrian composer (d. 1903)
• March 19 – William Jennings Bryan, American politician (d. 1925)
• March 22 – Alfred Ploetz, German physician, biologist, and eugenicist (d. 1940)
• March 27 – Frank Frost Abbott, American classical scholar (d. 1924)
• April 1 – Sergey Reformatsky, Russian chemist (d. 1934)
• Aprilسبعة – Will Keith Kellogg, American industrialist, founder of the Kellogg Company (d. 1951)
• May 2 – Theodor Herzl, Austrian founder of modern political Zionism (d. 1904)
• Mayسبعة – Tom Norman, English freak showman (d. 1930)
• Mayتسعة – J. M. Barrie, Scottish author (d. 1937)
• May 15 – Ellen Axson Wilson, First Lady of the United States (d. 1914)
• May 20 – Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1917)
• May 21 – Willem Einthoven, Dutch inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1927)
• May 25 – James McKeen Cattell, American psychologist (d. 1944)
• May 27 – Manuel Teixeira Gomes, 7th President of Portugal (d. 1941)
• May 29 – Isaac Albéniz, Spanish composer (d. 1909)
• June 13 – Lancelot Speed, British illustrator, silent film director (d. 1931)
• June 20 – Jack Worrall, Australian cricketer, footballer, and coach (d. 1937)
• June 22 – Tom O'Brien, American 19th century baseball player (d. 1921)
• June 23 – Albert Giraud, Belgian poet (d. 1929)
• June 25 – Gustave Charpentier, French composer (d. 1956)

يوليو-ديسمبر

• July ثلاثة – Charlotte Perkins Gilman, American feminist (d. 1935)
• Julyسبعة – Gustav Mahler, Austrian composer (d. 1911)
• July 16 – Otto Jespersen, Danish linguist, creator of Ido and Novial languages (d.1943)
• July 19 – Lizzie Borden, American murder suspect (d. 1927)
• July 31 – Sir George Warrender, 7th Baronet, British admiral (d. 1917)
• August ثلاثة – William Kennedy Dickson, Scottish inventor, cinema pioneer, and film director (d. 1935)
• Augustسبعة – Alan Leo, British astrologer (d. 1917)
• Augustعشرة – Vishnu Narayan Bhatkhande, Indian musician (d. 1936)
• August 13 – Annie Oakley, American Wild West show performer (d. 1926)
• August 15
  • Henrietta Vinton Davis, American elocutionist, dramatist, and impersonator (d. 1941)
  • Florence Harding, First Lady of the United States (d. 1924)
• August 16 – Jules Laforgue, French poet (d. 1887)
• August 20 – Raymond Poincaré, French president (d. 1934)
• August 25 – George Fawcett, American actor (d. 1939)
• Septemberخمسة – Andrew Volstead, American politician (d. 1947)
• Septemberستة – Jane Addams, American social worker, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1935)
• Septemberسبعة – Anna Mary Robertson Moses (aka Grandma Moses), American painter, centenarian (d. 1961)
• September 13 – John J. Pershing, American general (d. 1948)
• September 15 – Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya, Indian engineer, statesman (d. 1962)
• October 31 – Juliette Gordon Low, American founder of the Girl Scouts (d. 1927)
• November 1 – Boies Penrose, United States Senator from Pennsylvania (d. 1921)
• November 2 – Soapy Smith, American con artist and gangster (d. 1898)
• Novemberستة – Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Polish pianist and composer (d. 1941)
• November 16 – John Henry Kirby, Texas legislator, American businessman (d. 1940)
• November 23 – Hjalmar Branting, Prime Minister of Sweden, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1925)
• December أربعة – Charles de Broqueville, Belgian Prime Minister (d. 1940)
• Decemberسبعة – Joseph Cook, 6th Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1947)
• December 15
  • Niels Ryberg Finsen, Danish physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1904)
  • Abner Powell, American Major league baseball player (d. 1953)
• December 25 – Manuel Dimech, Maltese philosopher, social reformer (d. 1921)
• December 31
  • Joseph S. Cullinan, American oil industrialist, founder of Texaco (d. 1937)
  • John T. Thompson, United States Army officer, inventor of the Tommy gun (d. 1940)

تاريخ غير معروف

• Auguste Adib Pacha, 2-time Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 1936)
• أحمد شفيق بن حسن موسى
• ألفريد بلوتز
• إدوارد بوخنر
• إدوارد كاسپر ستوكس
• إسحق ألبينيز
• إگناسي يان پادرڤسكي
• بوحمارة
• تاكاأكي كاتو
• جابر المبارك الصباح
• تشارلز نثانيال هاسكل
• جين آدمز
• جون پرشنگ
• جيگوروكانو
• حسقيل ساسون
• ديڤيد هندريكس برجي
• دوگلاس هايد
• رودولف هافل
• ريمون پوانكاريه
• زينب فواز
• سوزانا مادورا سالتر
• ڤيتوريوإمانويلي اورلاندو
• ڤيلم أينتهوڤن
• كارل هايلمار برانتنگ
• لوك كريگ
• ماكس فون اوپنهايم
• ميشل زيڤاكو
• نيلس فينسن
• هرمان هولريث
• وليام جننگز بريان
• 2 مايو- ثيودور هرتزل أبوالصهيونية.
• جون جورج بارثولوميو

وفيات

يناير-يونيو

• January 1 – Thomas Hobbes Scott, English clergyman (و. 1783)
• Januaryخمسة – John Neumann, Saint and Roman Catholic Bishop of Philadelphia (و. 1811)
• Januaryعشرة – Ezequiel Zamora, leader of the Federalist Army in Venezuela (و. 1817)
• January 13 – William Mason, American politician (و. 1786)
• January 27
  • János Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (و. 1802)
  • Thomas Brisbane, Scottish astronomer (و. 1773)
• January 29 –
  • Ernst Moritz Arndt, German writer, poet (و. 1769)
  • Stéphanie de Beauharnais, Grand Duchess of Baden (و. 1789)
• February 29 – George Bridgetower, Afro-Polish violinist (و. 1778)
• Marchستة – Justus Johann Friedrich Dotzauer, German cellist, composer (و. 1783)
• March 14 – Carl Ritter von Ghega, Albanian-born Venetian road engineer (و. 1802)
• March 17 – Anna Brownell Jameson, British author (و. 1794)
• March 25 – James Braid, Scottish surgeon (و. 1795)
• May 1 – Anders Sandøe Ørsted, 3rd Prime Minister of Denmark (و. 1778)
• Mayعشرة – Theodore Parker, American preacher, Transcendentalist, and abolitionist (و. 1810)
• May 12 – Sir Charles Barry, English architect (و. 1795)
• May 16 – Anne Isabella Milbanke, English wife of Lord Byron (و. 1792)
• May 21 – Phineas Gage, improbable American head injury survivor (و. 1823)
• June 18 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Bismarck, German army officer, writer (و. 1783)
• June 30 – Gotthilf Heinrich von Schubert, German naturalist (و. 1780)

يوليو-ديسمبر

• July 1 – Charles Goodyear, American inventor (و. 1800)
• September 12 – William Walker, American filibuster who was briefly President of Nicaragua (executed) (و. 1824)
• September 21 – Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher (و. 1788)
• October 12 – Sir Harry Smith, English soldier, military commander (و. 1787)
• October 22 – Wanda Malecka, Polish publisher (و. 1800)
• October 31 – Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, British admiral (و. 1775)
• November 1 – Alexandra Feodorovna (Charlotte of Prussia), Empress Consort of Russian Emperor Nicholas I (و. 1798)
• December 14 – George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (و. 1784)

تاريخ غير معروف

• Dai Xi, Chinese painter (و. 1801)
• آرثر شوپنهاور
• تشارلز جوديير
• جوليا بسترانا
• جون ستانيفورد روبنسون
• فرديناند كريستيان باور
• وليام هنري بيسل
• وليام واكر (مغامر)

الهامش