ليوبليانا
Ljubljana | |||
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Capital city | |||
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Clockwise from top: Ljubljana Castle in the background and Franciscan Church of the Annunciation in the foreground; Visitation of Mary Church on Rožnik Hill; Kazina Palace at Congress Square; one of the Dragons on the Dragon Bridge; Ljubljana City Hall; Ljubljanica with the Triple Bridge in distance
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 Ljubljana Ljubljana | |||
| الإحداثيات: Coordinates: | |||
| Country |
 سلوڤنيا
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| Municipality | City Municipality of Ljubljana | ||
| First mention | 1112–1125 | ||
| Town privileges | 1220–1243 | ||
| الحكم | |||
| • Mayor | Zoran Janković (PS) | ||
| المساحة | |||
| • Capital city | 163٫8 كم² (63٫2 ميل²) | ||
| الارتفاع | 295 m (968 ft) | ||
| التعداد(2018) | |||
| • Capital city | Rise 290٬010 | ||
| • الكثافة | 1٬712/km2 (4٬430/sq mi) | ||
| • العمرانية | 537٬712 | ||
| منطقة التوقيت | CET (التوقيت العالمي المنسق+1) | ||
| • الصيفي | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal codes | 1000—1211, 1231, 1260, 1261 | ||
| مفتاح الهاتف | 01 (1 if calling from abroad) | ||
| Vehicle Registration | LJ | ||
| المسقط الإلكتروني | www.ljubljana.si | ||
ليوبليانا (سلوڤينية: [ljuˈbljàːna] ( استمع),locally also [luˈblàːna]; also known by other, historical names) هي عاصمة سلوڤينيا وأكبر مدنها. وتعد لوبليانا المركز الثقافي لسلوفينيا؛ فهي تحضن جامعة لوبليانا ومتاحف كثيرة. ومن بين هذه المتاحف: المتحف الوطني، ومتحف التاريخ الطبيعي السلوفيني ومتحف الأثنوجرافيا. ومن الصناعات الرئيسية في لوبليانا: صناعة الأجهزة الإلكترونية والآلات، بالإضافة إلى صناعة المنتجات الورقية والمنسوجات.
هناك ما يشير إلى وجود مظاهر للاستقرار في منطقة لوبليانا منذ ثلاثة آلاف سنة. During antiquity, a Roman city called Emona stood in the area. Ljubljana itself was first mentioned in the first half of the 12th century. Situated at the middle of a trade route between the northern Adriatic Sea and the Danube region, it was the historical capital of Carniola, one of the Slovene-inhabited parts of the Habsburg Monarchy. It was under Habsburg rule from the Middle Ages until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918. After World War II, Ljubljana became the capital of the Socialist Republic of Slovenia, part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. It retained this status until Slovenia became independent in 1991 and Ljubljana became the capital of the newly formed state.
وسيطرت النمسا على المدينة خلال معظم الفترة الممتدة بين عامي 1276 و1918. وأصبحت لوبليانا مركزاً مهماً لصناعة الخمور في القرن الثامن عشر الميلادي. وفي عام 1918، اتخذت عاصمة لسلوفينيا التي كانت جزءاً من مملكة الصرب والكروات والسلوفينيين. وفي عام 1929 أطلق على هذه المملكة اسم يوغسلافيا. وفي عام 1991، أعربت سلوفينيا استقلالها عن يوغوسلافيا، وأضحت لوبليانا عاصمة للدولة الجديدة.
التاريخ
الجغرافيا والمناخ
المياه
الممرات المائية الرئيسية في ليوبليانا هي أنهار ليوبليانيتسا، الساڤا، Gradaščica, the Mali Graben, the الإيشكا وIščica. From the Trnovo District to the Moste District, around Castle Hill, the Ljubljanica partly flows through the Gruber Canal, built according to plans by Gabriel Gruber from 1772 until 1780. Next to the eastern border of the city, the Ljubljanica, the Sava, and the Kamnik Bistrica Rivers flow together. The lowest point of Ljubljana, with an elevation of 261 مترs (856 ft), is located at the confluence.
المناخ
Ljubljana's climate is oceanic (Köppen: Cfb), bordering on a humid subtropical climate zone (Cfa), with continental characteristics such as warm summers and moderately cold winters. July and August are the warmest months with daily highs generally between 25 and 30 °م (77 and 86 °ف), and January is the coldest month with temperatures mostly oscillating around 0 °م (32 °ف). The city experiences 90 days of frost per year, and 11 days with temperatures above 30 °م (86 °ف). The precipitation is relatively evenly distributed throughout the seasons, although winter and spring tend to be somewhat drier than summer and autumn. Yearly precipitation is about 1,400 mm (55 in), making Ljubljana one of the wettest European capitals. Thunderstorms are very common from May to September and can occasionally be quite heavy. Snow is common from December to February; on average, there are 48 days with snow cover recorded each winter season. The city is known for its fog, which is recorded on average on 64 days per year, mostly in autumn and winter, and can be particularly persistent in conditions of temperature inversion.
| بيانات مناخ ليوبليانا | |||||||||||||
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| الشهر | يناير | فبراير | مارس | أبريل | مايو | يونيو | يوليو | أغسطس | سبتمبر | اكتوبر | نوفمبر | ديسمبر | العام |
| العظمى القياسية °س (°ف) | 15.8 (60.4) |
19.7 (67.5) |
24.3 (75.7) |
27.8 (82) |
32.4 (90.3) |
35.6 (96.1) |
37.1 (98.8) |
40.2 (104.4) |
30.3 (86.5) |
25.8 (78.4) |
20.9 (69.6) |
16.7 (62.1) |
40٫2 (104٫4) |
| العظمى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | 3.4 (38.1) |
6.4 (43.5) |
11.4 (52.5) |
16.1 (61) |
21.4 (70.5) |
24.6 (76.3) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.7 (80.1) |
21.6 (70.9) |
15.9 (60.6) |
8.8 (47.8) |
3.8 (38.8) |
15٫6 (60٫1) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | 0.3 (32.5) |
1.9 (35.4) |
6.5 (43.7) |
10.8 (51.4) |
15.8 (60.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
21.3 (70.3) |
20.6 (69.1) |
16.0 (60.8) |
11.2 (52.2) |
5.6 (42.1) |
1.2 (34.2) |
10٫9 (51٫6) |
| الصغرى المتوسطة °س (°ف) | -2.5 (27.5) |
-2.0 (28.4) |
1.7 (35.1) |
5.8 (42.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
13.7 (56.7) |
15.5 (59.9) |
15.2 (59.4) |
11.5 (52.7) |
7.7 (45.9) |
2.8 (37) |
-1.1 (30) |
6٫6 (43٫9) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | -20.3 (-4.5) |
-23.3 (-9.9) |
-14.1 (6.6) |
-3.2 (26.2) |
0.2 (32.4) |
3.8 (38.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
5.8 (42.4) |
3.1 (37.6) |
-5.2 (22.6) |
-14.5 (5.9) |
-14.5 (5.9) |
-23٫3 (-9٫9) |
| هطول mm (inches) | 69 (2.72) |
70 (2.76) |
88 (3.46) |
99 (3.9) |
109 (4.29) |
144 (5.67) |
115 (4.53) |
137 (5.39) |
147 (5.79) |
147 (5.79) |
129 (5.08) |
107 (4.21) |
1٬362 (53٫62) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 11 | 9 | 11 | 14 | 14 | 15 | 12 | 12 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 153 |
| Sunshine hours | 71 | 114 | 149 | 178 | 235 | 246 | 293 | 264 | 183 | 120 | 66 | 56 | 1٬974 |
| Source #1: Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO) (data for 1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
| Source #2: Slovenian Environment Agency (ARSO) (some extreme values for 1948–2013) | |||||||||||||
المعالم
Ljuljanica River, downtown Ljubljana
Town Hall
Robba Fountain at
Town SquareFountain in New Square
Urbanc House at
Prešeren SquareSlovenian Philharmonic Building
Nebotičnik
Former Cooperative Bank
المناطق
Ljubljana has 17 districts:
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التعليم
النقل
الثقافة
المدن الشقيقة
ليوبليانا متوأمة مع:
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انظر أيضا
- بوابة ليوبليانا
- List of people from Ljubljana
المصادر
الموسوعة المعهدية الكاملة
وصلات خارجية
- City of Ljubljana (official)
- Ljubljana - Virtual Reality Panoramas (Slovenia-Landmarks by Boštjan Burger)
- Ljubljana - Interactive City Map (MOL Turizem)
- Maps, aerial photos, and other data for Ljubljana (Geopedia.si)
نطقب:Ljubljana
- ^ "Osebna izkaznica – RRA LUR". rralur.si.
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةYB2002 - ^ "Ljubljana, Ljubljana". Place Names. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^ Zip Codes in Slovenia from 1000 to 1434 (in Slovene) Acquired on 28 April 2015.
- ^ "Slovenski pravopis 2001: Ljubljana".
- ^ Vuk Dirnberk, Vojka; Tomaž Valantič. [Statistical Portrait of Slovenia in the EU 2010] (PDF) (in Slovenian and English). Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. ISSN 1854-5734. Retrieved 2 February 2011.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ Zavodnik Lamovšek, Alma. Drobne, Samo. Žaucer, Tadej (2008). "Small and Medium-Size Towns as the Basis of Polycentric Urban Development" (PDF). Geodetski vestnik. 52 (2). Association of Surveyors of Slovenia. p. 303. ISSN 0351-0271.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
- ^ "Emona, Legacy of a Roman City – Culture of Slovenia". www.culture.si. Retrieved 2016-04-13.
- ^ Mehle Mihovec, Barbka (19 March 2008). "Kje so naše meje?" [Where are our borders?]. Gorenjski glas (in Slovenian). Gorenjski glas. Archived from the original on 31 May 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2009. CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
- ^ "Volitve" [Elections]. Statistični letopis 2011 [Statistical Yearbook 2011]. Statistical Yearbook 2011. 15. Statistical Office of the Republic of Slovenia. 2011. p. 108. ISSN 1318-5403.
- ^ "Settlements: Ljubljana". Geopedia.si. Retrieved 5 February 2011.
- ^ "Površinske vode" [Surface Waters] (in Slovenian). Municipality of Ljubljana. Retrieved 5 February 2011.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
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^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةMesto2006 - ^ "Ljubljana, Slovenia Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase. Retrieved 2019-02-23.
- ^ "(PDF) MODERN CLIMATE CHANGE IN SLOVENIA". ResearchGate (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-02-23.
- ^ "ARSO". Archived from the original on 19 July 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2009.
- ^ "Climate normals 1981–2010" (PDF). ARSO. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
- ^ "Extreme values of measured yearly, monthly and daily values of chosen meteorological parameters in 1948–2011". ARSO. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
- ^ "Ljubljana's twin cities". Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City). Archived from the original on 11 June 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
