Fogo

Fogo أظهر خريطة الرأس الأخضر Fogo أظهر خريطة المحيط الأطلسي
الجغرافيا
المسقط	المحيط الأطلسي
الإحداثيات	Coordinates:
أرخبيل	جزر سوتاڤنتو
المساحة	476 kم2 (184 ميل2)
الطول	26٫3 km (16٫34 mi)
العرض	23٫9 km (14٫85 mi)
أعلى منسوب	2٬829 m (9٬281 ft)
أعلى نقطة	پيكودوفوگو
الإدارة
الرأس الأخضر
Concelhos (بلديات)	Mosteiros, Santa Catarina do Fogo, ساوفيليپي
أكبر مستوطنة	ساوفيليپي (pop. ساوفيليپي)
الديمغرافيا
التعداد	35,837 (2015)
الكثافة السكانية	75٫3 /km2 (195 /sq mi)

فوگو (Fogo بالبرتغالية هي "النار") هي جزيرة في مجموعة جزر سوتاڤنتوفي الرأس الأخضر. ويبلغ تعدادها 35,837 (في 2015)،^:36 بمساحة 476 كم².^:25 وترتفع لأعلى منسوب في جميع جزر الرأس الأخضر، وهو2,829 متر فوق سطح البحر على قمة بركانها النشط، پيكودوفوگو.^:25

التاريخ

The eastern side of Fogo collapsed into the ocean 73,000 years ago, creating a tsunami 170 meters high which struck the nearby island of Santiago.

اِكتشف فوگوفي 1460 القبطان الجنوي أنطونيودى نولي نيابة عن هنري الملاح والتاج البرتغالي. It appeared in a 1598 map as I. de Fogo. Fogo was the second island of Cape Verde that was settled by the Portuguese, between 1470 and 1490, making ساوفيليپي the second oldest town of Cape Verde after سيدادي ڤليا.

كثيراً ما انفجر بركان فوگو، من قمته ومن الشقوق الجانبية، خصوصاً في 1680, 1725, 1857, 1951, 1995, and 2014–15. The eruption of 1680 covered much of the island in ash, which forced many inhabitants to flee to the nearby island of Brava.

Fogo has been very susceptible to drought and famine. In years that the rains during the summer months were insufficient, many inhabitants were menaced by starvation. This occurred several times in the 18th and 19th century, and also between 1941 and 1943, when 31% of the island population perished.

Until January 1992 the island was one single municipality, subdivided into four parishes. The southwestern three parishes joined the new بلدية ساوفيليپي and the northeastern parish Nossa Senhora da Ajuda became the municipality of Mosteiros. The parish of Santa Catarina do Fogo was separated from São Filipe in 2005, and became the Municipality of Santa Catarina do Fogo.

الجغرافيا

One of the southernmost islands in Cape Verde, Fogo is located between the islands of Santiago to the east and براڤا to the west. It is 26.3 km long and 23.9 km wide; its area is 476 km².^:25 Practically the whole island is a stratovolcano that has been periodically active: it last erupted in 2014. The largest volcanic feature is Bordeira, a تسعة-kiloمتر-wide (5.6 ميل) caldera, which has walls واحد kiloمتر (3,280 قدم 10 بوصة) high, and has a breach in its eastern rim. Two small villages, Portela and Bangaeira, exist in the floor of the caldera (Chã das Caldeiras); the residents were evacuated during eruptions.

The island's main city is ساوفيليپي, near which are an airport and a port. Fogo is largely an agricultural, fertile island. The north-eastern part receives the most precipitation.

النبيت والوحيش

Key bird species of Fogo are Fea's petrel, Boyd's shearwater and Cape Verde swift. The endemic plants Echium vulcanorum (endangered) and Erysimum caboverdeanum (critically endangered) are only found on the outer crater rim of the volcano of Fogo.

المناخ

Being very mountainous, this island has quite a number of climates. Along the coast Fogo has a moderate dry tropical climate according to the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system; higher on the slopes (~ 800 مترs or 2,600 قدم A.S.L.) it has a semiarid mild tropical climate (Köppen–Geiger Bsh_ with very balanced temperatures year round; above 1,000 مترs (3,300 قدم) it has a cool highland subtropical steppe climate (Köppen–Geiger BskL). The average annual temperature on the coast is about 23–25 °م (73–77 °ف), decreasing to some 12–14 °م (54–57 °ف) on the highest ground.

There can be remarkably cool weather in the interior, with the warmer wet season starting in July and ending in November, with the colder dry season starting in December and ending in May. Drought, the major climate risk of Cape Verdean islands, is much less pronounced on Fogo, due to the mountain's ability to gain moisture from clouds. During the mid-nineteenth century, Fogo suffered from severe droughts. Death from starvation was common in the 1830s.

التعداد

In the 1830s, Fogo had an estimated human population of 10,000. In 2015, Fogo had 35,837 inhabitants, making it the fourth most populous island in the Cape Verde archipelago after Santiago, São Vicente and Santo Antão.^:36 Since 2015, there are three cities (ساوفيليپي، Mosteiros and Cova Figueira) and two towns (Ponta Verde and Patim) in the island.^:32–33

اللغة الرسمية في فوگوهي البرتغالية؛ إلا حتى معظم السكان يتحدثون كريول فوگو.^[]

الاقتصاد

The economy of the island is based on agriculture and fishing, with coffee and wine among the main products. In the 1830s, Fogo's wine was described as being "very superior." Due to its volcanic soil Fogo's coffee also has a good reputation. The island has experienced a substantial diaspora. Many households live off remittances from emigrants in the U.S. and in European countries (Portugal, France, the Netherlands, Italy). Fogo fosters strong connections to Rhode Island and to Massachusetts (U.S.), where many people with Cape Verdean origin live.^[]

Tourism is steadily becoming popular. The volcano (allowed only accompanied by a local guide) is the island's major attraction but many visitors also come to see relatives. The historic city of São Filipe and Chã das Caldeiras in the volcanic crater receive the bulk of visitors. No great tourism facilities exist, but there are small hotels and bed-and-breakfasts and local guides offer hiking tours.

التقسيمات الادارية

The island is divided in three municipalities, which are subdivided into civil parishes:

• Mosteiros
  • Nossa Senhora da Ajuda
• Santa Catarina do Fogo
  • Santa Catarina do Fogo
• ساوفيليپي
  • Nossa Senhora da Conceição
  • São Lourenço

النقل

The island has a domestic airport, São Filipe Airport, located in the southwest of the island. There is a port at Vale de Cavaleiros near São Filipe, with ferry connections to the islands of Brava (Furna) and Santiago (Praia). There are two first class national roads on Fogo: the Fogo Circular Road (EN1-FG01) and the road linking São Filipe and the island's port (EN1-FG02).

الرياضة

The main football teams are Académica do Fogo, Botafogo, Cutelinho, Spartak d'Aguadinha and Vulcânicos.

أشخاص بارزون

• Pedro Cardoso, poet
• Zé Luís, footballer
• Pedro Pires, first Prime Minister and 3rd President of Cape Verde
• Henrique Teixeira de Sousa, writer
• Carlos de Vasconcelos, politician and journalist

معرض صور

• Main ash cone of Pico do Fogo

• 3-D image of the island of Fogo from NNE

• Natural colour satellite image of Fogo

• Chã das Caldeiras and main ash cone, Fogo. NASA satellite image, 2009

• Aerial shot

• Aerial shot

• Losma, an endemic medicinal plant

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Fogo (Cape Verde).

• Informations and impressions from Fogo
• Caboverde.com
• University of Massachusetts – information and images from Fogo

نطقب:Islands of Cape Verde