أول سكة حديدية عبر أمريكا First Transcontinental Railroad (عُرف أصلاً بإسم "Pacific Railroad" and later as the "Overland Route") was a 1,912-ميل (3,077 kم) continuous railroad line constructed between 1863 and 1869 that connected the existing eastern U.S. rail network at Omaha, Nebraska/Council Bluffs, Iowa with the Pacific coast at the Oakland Long Wharf on San Francisco Bay. The rail line was built by three private companies over public lands provided by extensive US land grants. Construction was financed by both state and US government subsidy bonds as well as by company issued mortgage bonds. The Western Pacific Railroad Company built 132 ميل (212 kم) of track from Oakland/Alameda to Sacramento, California. The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California (CPRR) constructed 690 ميل (1,110 kم) eastward from Sacramento to Promontory Summit, Utah Territory. The Union Pacific built 1,085 ميل (1,746 kم) from the road's eastern terminus at Council Bluffs near Omaha, Nebraska westward to Promontory Summit.

The railroad opened for through traffic on May 10, 1869 when CPRR President Leland Stanford ceremonially drove the gold "Last Spike" (later often referred to as the "Golden Spike") with a silver hammer at Promontory Summit. The coast-to-coast railroad connection revolutionized the settlement and economy of the American West. It brought the western states and territories into alignment with the northern Union states and made transporting passengers and goods coast-to-coast considerably quicker and less expensive.

Paddle steamers linked Sacramento to the cities and their harbor facilities in the San Francisco Bay until 1869, when the CPRR completed and opened the Western Pacific grade (which the CPRR had acquired control of in 1867–68 ) to Alameda and Oakland.

The first transcontinental rail passengers arrived at the Pacific Railroad's original western terminus at the Alameda Mole on September 6, 1869 where they transferred to the steamer Alameda for transport across the Bay to San Francisco. The road's rail terminus was moved two months later to the Oakland Long Wharf about a mile to the north. Service between San Francisco and Oakland Pier continued to be provided by ferry.

The CPRR eventually purchased 53 ميلs (85 kم) of UPRR-built grade from Promontory Summit (MP 828) to Ogden, Utah Territory (MP 881), which became the interchange point between trains of the two roads. The transcontinental line was popularly known as the Overland Route after the principal passenger rail service that operated over the length of the line until 1962.

الأصول

Building a railroad line that connected the United States coast-to-coast was advocated in 1832 when Dr. Hartwell Carver published an article in the New York Courier & Enquirer advocating building a transcontinental railroad from Lake Michigan to Oregon. In 1847 he submitted to the U.S. Congress a "Proposal for a Charter to Build a Railroad from Lake Michigan to the Pacific Ocean", seeking a congressional charter to support his idea.

الاستكشاف المبدئي

In 1856 the Select Committee on the Pacific Railroad and Telegraph of the US House of Representatives published a report recommending support for a proposed Pacific railroad bill:

The necessity that now exists for constructing lines of railroad and telegraphic communication between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of this continent is no longer a question for argument; it is conceded by every one. In order to maintain our present position on the Pacific, we must have some more speedy and direct means of intercourse than is at present afforded by the route through the possessions of a foreign power.

الشخصيات الرئيسية

إسا وتني

تيودور جودا

الأربعة الكبار

الموضوعات الرئيسية: الأربعة الكبار وسنترال پاسفك، السكة الحديدية

أنشأ أربع رجال أعمال من شمال كاليفورنيا سنترال پاسفك، السكة الحديدية: ليلاند ستانفورد, (1824–1893)، رئيساً؛ Collis Potter Huntington, (1821–1900)، نائباً للرئيس؛ Mark Hopkins, (1813–1878)، أميناً للخزانة؛ Charles Crocker, (1822–1888)، المشرف على الإنشاءات. وكلهم أصبحوا أثرياء لحدٍ بعيد من ارتباطهم بالسكة الحديدية.

توماس ديورنت

المسار عبر القارة

عرض السكة

مسار يونيون پاسفك

الإنشاء

حفل "Last Spike"

الأعقاب

تطورات السكك الحديدية

كريدي موبيلييه

في الثقافة الشعبية

انظر أيضاً

• History of rail transportation in California
• Chin Lin Sou
• Interstate 80 – present-day New York-to-San Francisco transport link (highway)
• List of heritage railroads in the United States
• Overland Route (Union Pacific Railroad)
• Transcontinental railroad

ملاحظات

الهامش

للاستزادة

ڤيديوخارجي

, March 5, 2000, C-SPAN

• Allen, James B.; Glen M. Leonard (1976). The Story of the Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company.
• Ambrose, Stephen E. (2000). Nothing Like It In The World; The men who built the Transcontinental Railroad 1863–1869. Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
• Bain, David Haward (1999). Empire Express; Building the first Transcontinental Railroad. Viking Penguin. ISBN .
• Beebe, Lucius (1969). The Central Pacific & The Southern Pacific Railroads: Centennial Edition. Howell-North. ISBN .
• Cooper, Bruce C., (2005), Polyglot Press, Philadelphia ISBN 1-4115-9993-4
• Cooper, Bruce Clement (Ed), "The Classic Western American Railroad Routes". New York: Chartwell Books/Worth Press, 2010. ISBN 978-0-7858-2573-9; ISBN 0-7858-2573-8; BINC: 3099794.
• Duran, Xavier, "The First U.S. Transcontinental Railroad: Expected Profits and Government Intervention," Journal of Economic History, 73 (March 2013), 177–200.
• Lee, Willis T.; Ralph W. Stone & Hoyt S. Gale (1916). . USGS Bulletin 612. Archived from the original on May 5, 2012.
• White, Richard. Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (2010)
• Willumson, Glenn. Iron Muse: Photographing the Transcontinental Railroad (University of California Press; 2013) 242 pages; studies the production, distribution, and publication of images of the railroad in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

وصلات خارجية

For maps and railroad pictures of this era shortly after the advent of photography see:

• Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
• CPRR Railroad Map collection/museum
• 1871 CPRR & UPRR Overland Railroad Map "Map of the Central Pacific Railroad and its Connections" published in the California Mail Bag San Francisco News Letter and California Advertiser, Vol. 1, No. 4, Oct–Nov. 1871. accessed May 1, 2013.
• Union Pacific Railroad picture Museum Excursion to the 100th Meridian – 1866 accessed March 1, 2013.
• The Pacific Tourist Williams, Henry T.; published by Adams & Bishop, New York, 1881 ed. Gives insights to travel in the late 1880s on the transcontinental railroad.
• "I Hear the Locomotives: The Impact of the Transcontinental Railroad"
• Golden Spike National Historical Site in Utah
• Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum
• Union Pacific Railroad History
• The Transcontinental Railroad
• Pacific Railway Act and related resources at the Library of Congress
• Chinese-American Contribution to transcontinental railroad
• Linda Hall Library's Transcontinental Railroad educational site with free, full-text access to 19th century American railroad periodicals
• Newspaper articles and clippings about the Transcontinental Railroad at Newspapers.com

Maps

• Route map at the Library of Congress
• Map of Union Pacific Railroad with Dates
• Abandoned route of the transcontinental railroad in Utah (with map)

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