الطاقة في هجريا
الطاقة في هجريا تصف energy and انتاج الكهرباء، consumption and import in هجريا. Energy policy of Turkey describes the energy policy in the politics of Turkey more in detail. Turkey imports most of its energy. Primary energy use in Turkey was 1,146 TWh and 16 TWh/million persons in 2008.
Primary energy use in 2009 in Turkey was 1,136 TWh and 16 TWh per million persons.
استعراض
| Energy in Turkey | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Capita | Prim. energy | Production | Import | Electricity | CO2-emission | |
| Million | TWh | TWh | TWh | TWh | Mt | |
| 2004 | 71.79 | 952 | 280 | 677 | 127 | 209 |
| 2007 | 73.90 | 1163 | 317 | 881 | 163 | 265 |
| 2008 | 71.08 | 1146 | 337 | 843 | 171 | 264 |
| 2009 | 71.90 | 1,136 | 352 | 817 | 165 | 256 |
| 2010 | 72.85 | 1,223 | 375 | 860 | 180 | 266 |
| Change 2004-10 | 1.5 % | 28 % | 34 % | 27 % | 42 % | 27 % |
| Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses | ||||||
خطوط أنابيب الغاز
Tabriz–Ankara pipeline (2001) is gasline from Iran to Turkey. السيل الأزرق (2005) deliver gas in a 1,213 kم (3,979,659 قدم) long pipe from Russian to Turkey Ankara. South Caucasus Pipeline (2006) deliver gas from the أذربيجان to Turkey.
Turkey–Greece pipeline (2007) connects Turkey to Greece.
South Stream (2015) is a proposed gas pipeline to transport Russian natural gas via Turkey to Bulgaria, Greece, Italy and Austria. Nabucco pipeline (2017) is proposed pipeline to transport gas from Iraq, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, and possibly Egypt to Europe. Persian Pipeline (2014) is a proposed Iran–Europe pipeline.
الطاقة المتجددة
Hydroelectricity in Turkey is the largest renewable source of electricity however solar power looks likely to increase rapidly.
| EU and Turkey Wind Energy Capacity (MW) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No | Country | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 |
| - | EU-27 | 105,696 | 93,957 | 84,074 | 74,767 | 64,712 | 56,517 | 48,069 | 40,511 | 34,383 | 28,599 | 23,159 | 17,315 | 12,887 | 9,678 | 6,453 |
| 28 | Turkey | 2,312 | 1,691 | 1,329 | 801 | 458 | ||||||||||
الغاز المسال
Ankara is trying to figure out whether an eventual U.S. entry into the global liquefied natural gas export market and natural gas production in North Africa will make it worthwhile for Turkey to expand its liquefied natural gas import capacity. Turkey currently has two liquefied natural gas import terminals -- one at Marmara Ereglisi that has an annual capacity of 8.2 billion cubic meters and a maximum send-out capacity of 22 million cubic meters, and another in the town of Aliaga on the Aegean coast with an annual capacity ofستة billion cubic meters and maximum send-out capacity of 16 million cubic meters. Liquefied natural gas imports from Algeria, Nigeria and Qatar and smaller amounts from Norway and Egypt accounted for roughly 14 percent of Turkey's total natural gas imports in 2012, with most of this supply consumed by industrialized areas in and around Istanbul in the Marmara region.
Turkey is considering building additional liquefied natural gas import terminals on the Gulf of Saros near the Dardanelles and in Iskenderun on the Mediterranean coast. In theory, increased liquefied natural gas imports could give Turkey a more diversified pool of suppliers and give Ankara flexibility in buying liquefied natural gas on the spot market to make up for supply disruptions. But Turkey would have to invest substantial capital in building the import terminals and regasification facilities and in extensive upgrades and expansion to Turkey's distribution and networks beyond the Marmara core. Turkey's relatively young but rapidly growing natural gas-powered industry will also require significant investment into storage facilities (currently, Turkey can only store roughly ثلاثة billion cubic meters of natural gas).
That investment will be difficult to secure, especially as Turkey is now battling to preserve its title as an emerging market worthy of foreign investment. In this global environment of growing investor uncertainty, wide currency fluctuations and rising interest rates overall, projects in Turkey with long payback periods are facing difficulty in securing loans. This has prompted Turkish government leaders to accuse European companies that have lost out on previous tenders of pressuring banks to withhold loans, but such conspiratorial accusations have only served to further undermine investor confidence in Turkey. Turkey's massive energy appetite will continue to attract some investor interest, but even more bullish investors are likely to exercise additional caution. Turkey will also face stiff competition for liquefied natural gas imports as producers look primarily to Asia in search of higher profits.
انظر أيضاً
- Energy policy of Turkey
الهامش
- ^ IEA Key energy statistics 2010 Page: Country specific indicator numbers from page 48 خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صالح؛ الاسم "IEA2010" معهد أكثر من مرة بمحتويات مختلفة. - ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics 2012, 2011, 2010, 2009, 2006 IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
- ^ "Turkey" (PDF). ادارة معلومات الطاقة الأمريكية. 2015-08-06.
- ^ EWEA Staff (2010). "Cumulative installed capacity per EU Member State 1998 - 2009 (MW)". European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2010-05-22.
- ^ EWEA Staff (February 2011). "EWEA Annual Statistics 2010" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2011-01-31.
- ^ EWEA Staff (February 2012). "EWEA Annual Statistics 2011" (PDF). European Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 2011-02-18.
- ^ Wind in power: 2012 European statistics February 2013
المصادر
- ستراتفورثمانية يناير 2014
