حرائق الغابات wildfire أوwildland fire، هوحريق في منطقة ذات غطاء نباتي قابل للاشتعال وتحدث في المناطق الريفية. تبعاً لنوع النباتات الموجودة في المنطقة، يمكن حتى تُصنف حرائق الغابات بشكل أكثر تخصصية إلى حرائق أغصان، حرائق أحراش، حرائق صحاري، حرائق غابات، حرائق حشائش، حرائق تلال، حرائق خث، حرائق نباتات، وحرائق مروج.

يشير الفحم النباتي الأحفوري إلى حتى حرائق الغابات قد بدأت بعد فترة قصيرة من ظهور النباتات البرية، 420 مليون سنة مضت. يدعووقوع حرائق الغابات طوال تاريخ الحياة البرية إلى التخمين بأن الحريق يجب حتىقد يكون قد أحدث تأثيرات تطورة على معظم الحياة النباتية والحيوانية في النظم البيئية. الأرض هو قابل للاشتعال جوهرياً بسبب غلافه النباتي الغني بالكربون والمناخ الجاف الموسمي والأكسجين الجوي والبرق الواسع الانتشار والإشعال البركاني.

يمكن التمييز بين حرائق الغابات تبعاً لسبب الإشعال، خصائصها الطبيعية، والمادة الموجودة القابلة للاشتعال، وتأثير المناخ على الحريق. قد تتسبب حرائق الغابات في أضرار على المملتكات والحياة البشرية، لكنها تتمتع بتأثيرات مفيدة للغطاء النباتي الأصلي، الحيوانات، والنظم البيئية التي تطورت بعمل الحريق.

الأسباب

الانتشار

الخصائص الفيزيائية

تأثيرها على المناخ

فهم البيئة

التكيف النباتي

الآثار على الغلاف الجوي

التاريخ

التدخل البشري

المكافحة

التحقق

الإخماد

تكاليف إخماد الحرائق

سلامة مكافحة الحرائق

مثبطات الحرائق

النمذجة

المخاطر وتعرض البشر

المخاطر المنقولة جواً

مخاطر ما بعد الحريق

المجموعات المعرضة للخطر

الآثار الصحية

تفاقم الربو

خطر أول أكسيد الكربون

فهم الأوبئة

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

المراجع

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع Wildfire.

<div style="-moz-column-count:

• Alvarado, Ernesto; Sandberg, David V; Pickford, Stewart G (Special Issue 1998). "Modeling Large Forest Fires as Extreme Events" (PDF). Northwest Science. 72: 66–75. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
• "Are Big Fires Inevitable? A Report on the National Bushfire Forum" (PDF). Parliament House, Canberra: Bushfire CRC. 27 February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
• "Automatic remote surveillance system for the prevention of forest fires" (PDF). Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
• Billing, P (June 1983). "Otways Fire No. 22 – 1982/83 Aspects of fire behaviour. Research Report No.20" (PDF). Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
• de Souza Costa, Fernando; Sandberg, David (2004). "Mathematical model of a smoldering log" (PDF). Combustion and Flame (139): 227–238. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
• "Evaluation of three wildfire smoke detection systems" (PDF). Advantage. 5 (4). June 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
• "Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. 18 April 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
• Finney, Mark A (March 1998). "FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator—Model Development and Evaluation" (PDF). US Forest Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
• "Fire. The Australian Experience" (PDF). NSW Rural Fire Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
• "Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology" (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008. (HTML version)
• Graham, Russell; McCaffrey, Sarah; Jain, Theresa B (April 2004). "Science Basis for Changing Forest Structure to Modify Wildfire Behavior and Severity" (2.79 MB PDF). General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-120. Fort Collins, CO: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
• Grove, A T; Rackham, Oliver (2001). . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 17 July 2009.
• Karki, Sameer (2002). "Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia" (PDF). Project FireFight South East Asia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
• Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage [PDF]. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 2009;18(1):116–26. doi:10.1071/WF07049.
• "Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Council. 20 June 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
• Lyons, John W (6 January 1971). The Chemistry and Uses of Fire Retardants. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN .
• Martell, David L; Sun, Hua (2008). "The impact of fire suppression, vegetation, and weather on the area burned by lightning-caused forest fires in Ontario" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 38 (6): 1547–1563. doi:10.1139/X07-210. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
• Climatic change, wildfire, and conservation [PDF]. Conservation Biology. 2004;18(4):890–902. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00492.x.
• "National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide for Wildland Fire Management: Fire Education, Prevention, and Mitigation Practices, Wildland Fire Overview" (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
• Nepstad, Daniel C (2007). "The Amazon's Vicious Cycles: Drought and Fire in the Greenhouse" (PDF). World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF International). Retrieved 9 July 2009.
• Olson, Richard Stuart; Gawronski, Vincent T (2005). "The 2003 Southern California Wildfires: Constructing Their Cause(s)" (PDF). Quick Response Research Report. 173. Retrieved 15 July 2009. (HTML version)
• Pausas, Juli G; Keeley, Jon E (July–August 2009). "A Burning Story: The Role of Fire in the History of Life" (PDF). BioScience. 59 (7): 593–601. doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.10. ISSN 0006-3568.
• Peuch, Eric (26–28 April 2005). "Eighth International Wildland Firefighter Safety Summit – Human Factors –عشرة Years Later" (PDF). Butler, B W, The International Association of Wildland Fire, Hot Springs, South Dakota. 
• Pitkänen, Aki; Huttunen, Pertti; Jungner, Högne; Meriläinen, Jouko; Tolonen, Kimmo (28 February 2003). "Holocene fire history of middle boreal pine forest sites in eastern Finland" (PDF). Annales Botanici Fennici. 40: 15–33. ISSN 0003-3847.
• Plucinski, M; Gould, J; McCarthy, G; Hollis, J (June 2007) (PDF). . Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre. ISBN 0-643-06534-2. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. http://www.bushfirecrc.com/research/downloads/Aerial-Suppression-Report-Final-web.pdf. Retrieved on أربعة March 2009. 
• San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesus; Ravail, Nicolas; Kelha, Vaino; Ollero, Anibal (2005). "Active Fire Detection for Fire Emergency Management: Potential and Limitations for the Operational Use of Remote Sensing" (PDF). Natural Hazards. 35 (3): 361–376. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.475.880. doi:10.1007/s11069-004-1797-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
• van Wagtendonk, Jan W (1996). "Use of a Deterministic Fire Growth Model to Test Fuel Treatments" (PDF). Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Vol. II, Assessments and Scientific Basis for Management Options: 1155–1166. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
• van Wagtendonk, Jan W (2007). "The History and Evolution of Wildland Fire Use" (PDF). Fire Ecology. 3 (2): 3–17. doi:10.4996/fireecology.0302003. Retrieved 24 August 2008. (U.S. Government public domain material published in Association journal. See )

-webkit-column-count

• Alvarado, Ernesto; Sandberg, David V; Pickford, Stewart G (Special Issue 1998). "Modeling Large Forest Fires as Extreme Events" (PDF). Northwest Science. 72: 66–75. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
• "Are Big Fires Inevitable? A Report on the National Bushfire Forum" (PDF). Parliament House, Canberra: Bushfire CRC. 27 February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
• "Automatic remote surveillance system for the prevention of forest fires" (PDF). Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
• Billing, P (June 1983). "Otways Fire No. 22 – 1982/83 Aspects of fire behaviour. Research Report No.20" (PDF). Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
• de Souza Costa, Fernando; Sandberg, David (2004). "Mathematical model of a smoldering log" (PDF). Combustion and Flame (139): 227–238. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
• "Evaluation of three wildfire smoke detection systems" (PDF). Advantage. 5 (4). June 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
• "Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. 18 April 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
• Finney, Mark A (March 1998). "FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator—Model Development and Evaluation" (PDF). US Forest Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
• "Fire. The Australian Experience" (PDF). NSW Rural Fire Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
• "Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology" (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008. (HTML version)
• Graham, Russell; McCaffrey, Sarah; Jain, Theresa B (April 2004). "Science Basis for Changing Forest Structure to Modify Wildfire Behavior and Severity" (2.79 MB PDF). General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-120. Fort Collins, CO: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
• Grove, A T; Rackham, Oliver (2001). . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 17 July 2009.
• Karki, Sameer (2002). "Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia" (PDF). Project FireFight South East Asia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
• Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage [PDF]. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 2009;18(1):116–26. doi:10.1071/WF07049.
• "Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Council. 20 June 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
• Lyons, John W (6 January 1971). The Chemistry and Uses of Fire Retardants. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN .
• Martell, David L; Sun, Hua (2008). "The impact of fire suppression, vegetation, and weather on the area burned by lightning-caused forest fires in Ontario" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 38 (6): 1547–1563. doi:10.1139/X07-210. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
• Climatic change, wildfire, and conservation [PDF]. Conservation Biology. 2004;18(4):890–902. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00492.x.
• "National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide for Wildland Fire Management: Fire Education, Prevention, and Mitigation Practices, Wildland Fire Overview" (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
• Nepstad, Daniel C (2007). "The Amazon's Vicious Cycles: Drought and Fire in the Greenhouse" (PDF). World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF International). Retrieved 9 July 2009.
• Olson, Richard Stuart; Gawronski, Vincent T (2005). "The 2003 Southern California Wildfires: Constructing Their Cause(s)" (PDF). Quick Response Research Report. 173. Retrieved 15 July 2009. (HTML version)
• Pausas, Juli G; Keeley, Jon E (July–August 2009). "A Burning Story: The Role of Fire in the History of Life" (PDF). BioScience. 59 (7): 593–601. doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.10. ISSN 0006-3568.
• Peuch, Eric (26–28 April 2005). "Eighth International Wildland Firefighter Safety Summit – Human Factors –عشرة Years Later" (PDF). Butler, B W, The International Association of Wildland Fire, Hot Springs, South Dakota. 
• Pitkänen, Aki; Huttunen, Pertti; Jungner, Högne; Meriläinen, Jouko; Tolonen, Kimmo (28 February 2003). "Holocene fire history of middle boreal pine forest sites in eastern Finland" (PDF). Annales Botanici Fennici. 40: 15–33. ISSN 0003-3847.
• Plucinski, M; Gould, J; McCarthy, G; Hollis, J (June 2007) (PDF). . Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre. ISBN 0-643-06534-2. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. http://www.bushfirecrc.com/research/downloads/Aerial-Suppression-Report-Final-web.pdf. Retrieved on أربعة March 2009. 
• San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesus; Ravail, Nicolas; Kelha, Vaino; Ollero, Anibal (2005). "Active Fire Detection for Fire Emergency Management: Potential and Limitations for the Operational Use of Remote Sensing" (PDF). Natural Hazards. 35 (3): 361–376. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.475.880. doi:10.1007/s11069-004-1797-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
• van Wagtendonk, Jan W (1996). "Use of a Deterministic Fire Growth Model to Test Fuel Treatments" (PDF). Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Vol. II, Assessments and Scientific Basis for Management Options: 1155–1166. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
• van Wagtendonk, Jan W (2007). "The History and Evolution of Wildland Fire Use" (PDF). Fire Ecology. 3 (2): 3–17. doi:10.4996/fireecology.0302003. Retrieved 24 August 2008. (U.S. Government public domain material published in Association journal. See )

column-count

• Alvarado, Ernesto; Sandberg, David V; Pickford, Stewart G (Special Issue 1998). "Modeling Large Forest Fires as Extreme Events" (PDF). Northwest Science. 72: 66–75. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
• "Are Big Fires Inevitable? A Report on the National Bushfire Forum" (PDF). Parliament House, Canberra: Bushfire CRC. 27 February 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 9 January 2009.
• "Automatic remote surveillance system for the prevention of forest fires" (PDF). Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 10 July 2009.
• Billing, P (June 1983). "Otways Fire No. 22 – 1982/83 Aspects of fire behaviour. Research Report No.20" (PDF). Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
• de Souza Costa, Fernando; Sandberg, David (2004). "Mathematical model of a smoldering log" (PDF). Combustion and Flame (139): 227–238. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
• "Evaluation of three wildfire smoke detection systems" (PDF). Advantage. 5 (4). June 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 13 January 2009.
• "Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. 18 April 2005. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
• Finney, Mark A (March 1998). "FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator—Model Development and Evaluation" (PDF). US Forest Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
• "Fire. The Australian Experience" (PDF). NSW Rural Fire Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
• "Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology" (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008. (HTML version)
• Graham, Russell; McCaffrey, Sarah; Jain, Theresa B (April 2004). "Science Basis for Changing Forest Structure to Modify Wildfire Behavior and Severity" (2.79 MB PDF). General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-120. Fort Collins, CO: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
• Grove, A T; Rackham, Oliver (2001). . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN . Retrieved 17 July 2009.
• Karki, Sameer (2002). "Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia" (PDF). Project FireFight South East Asia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 13 February 2009.
• Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage [PDF]. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 2009;18(1):116–26. doi:10.1071/WF07049.
• "Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Council. 20 June 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 May 2009. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
• Lyons, John W (6 January 1971). The Chemistry and Uses of Fire Retardants. United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN .
• Martell, David L; Sun, Hua (2008). "The impact of fire suppression, vegetation, and weather on the area burned by lightning-caused forest fires in Ontario" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 38 (6): 1547–1563. doi:10.1139/X07-210. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009.
• Climatic change, wildfire, and conservation [PDF]. Conservation Biology. 2004;18(4):890–902. doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00492.x.
• "National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide for Wildland Fire Management: Fire Education, Prevention, and Mitigation Practices, Wildland Fire Overview" (PDF). National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
• Nepstad, Daniel C (2007). "The Amazon's Vicious Cycles: Drought and Fire in the Greenhouse" (PDF). World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF International). Retrieved 9 July 2009.
• Olson, Richard Stuart; Gawronski, Vincent T (2005). "The 2003 Southern California Wildfires: Constructing Their Cause(s)" (PDF). Quick Response Research Report. 173. Retrieved 15 July 2009. (HTML version)
• Pausas, Juli G; Keeley, Jon E (July–August 2009). "A Burning Story: The Role of Fire in the History of Life" (PDF). BioScience. 59 (7): 593–601. doi:10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.10. ISSN 0006-3568.
• Peuch, Eric (26–28 April 2005). "Eighth International Wildland Firefighter Safety Summit – Human Factors –عشرة Years Later" (PDF). Butler, B W, The International Association of Wildland Fire, Hot Springs, South Dakota. 
• Pitkänen, Aki; Huttunen, Pertti; Jungner, Högne; Meriläinen, Jouko; Tolonen, Kimmo (28 February 2003). "Holocene fire history of middle boreal pine forest sites in eastern Finland" (PDF). Annales Botanici Fennici. 40: 15–33. ISSN 0003-3847.
• Plucinski, M; Gould, J; McCarthy, G; Hollis, J (June 2007) (PDF). . Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre. ISBN 0-643-06534-2. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. http://www.bushfirecrc.com/research/downloads/Aerial-Suppression-Report-Final-web.pdf. Retrieved on أربعة March 2009. 
• San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesus; Ravail, Nicolas; Kelha, Vaino; Ollero, Anibal (2005). "Active Fire Detection for Fire Emergency Management: Potential and Limitations for the Operational Use of Remote Sensing" (PDF). Natural Hazards. 35 (3): 361–376. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.475.880. doi:10.1007/s11069-004-1797-2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 March 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2009.
• van Wagtendonk, Jan W (1996). "Use of a Deterministic Fire Growth Model to Test Fuel Treatments" (PDF). Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Vol. II, Assessments and Scientific Basis for Management Options: 1155–1166. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
• van Wagtendonk, Jan W (2007). "The History and Evolution of Wildland Fire Use" (PDF). Fire Ecology. 3 (2): 3–17. doi:10.4996/fireecology.0302003. Retrieved 24 August 2008. (U.S. Government public domain material published in Association journal. See );">{{{2

وصلات خارجية

• Current global map of airborne particulates less than 1 micrometer in diameter