المنطقة الاقتصادية الخالصة
حسب قانون البحار، المنطقة الاقتصادية الخالصة Exclusive Economic Zone EEZ هي منطقة بحرية تمارس عليها دولة حقوقاً خاصة في الاستغلال واستخدام مواردها البحرية.
التعريف
يختلف المعنى القانوني للبحار عن معناها الجغراف، عملماء الجغرافيا يعتبرون حتى العنصر المميز للبحر هوملوحة الماء، فكل مياه مالحة تعتبر بحراً من وجهة النظر الجغرافية، أما البحر من وجهة نظر فقهاء القانون الدولي فيختلف عن التعريف الجغرافي، فالبعض يعهده بأنه المساحات المائية التي تتصف بوحدة المياه، ويضيف البعض الآخر لهذا التعريف صفة الملوحة، وبذلك نجد حتى البحر الميت لا يعتبر بحراً من وجهة النظر الدولية نظراً لافتقاره للعنصر الثاني وهووحدة المياه، أي أنه لاقد يكون وحدة واحدة متصلة مع غيره من البحار في الكرة الأرضية.
وقواعد القانون الدولي التي تحكم وتنظم العنصر البحري من إقليم الدولة يطلق عليها قانون البحار ولقد أصبح هذا الفرع من فروع القانون الدولي العام يشكل أهمية كبرى لأنه ينظم البحار التي تعتبر من أبرز طرق المواصلات الدولية وكمصدر حيوي للثروات بمختلف أنواعها.
لقد ظهرت في القانون الدولي مدرستان:
الأولى: تدعوإلى وجوب تحرير البحار من الخضوع لسيادة أي دولة من الدول ومن المدافعين عن ذلك جرسيوس مستنداً إلى حتى البحر غير قابل للحيازة العملية، وأن البحار لا تنضب مواردها وهي متجددة باستمرار وتكفي الجميع.
الثانية: تدافع عن إبقاء البحار خاضعة للسيادة الوطنية للدول التي تستطيع حتى تفرض سيادتها عليها. وبعد صراع طويل بين المدرستين استقر مبدأ حرية البحار وأصبح قاعدة من قواعد القانون الدولي العام المسلم بها من كافة دول العالم.
ترتيبات حسب المساحة
Generally, a state's exclusive economic zone is an area beyond and adjacent to the territorial sea, extending seaward to a distance of no more than 200 nmi (370 kم) out from its coastal baseline. The exception to this rule occurs when exclusive economic zones would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nmi (740 kم) apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual maritime boundary. Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the nearest state.
A state's exclusive economic zone starts at the seaward edge of its territorial sea and extends outward to a distance of 200 nmi (370 kم) from the baseline. The exclusive economic zone stretches much further into sea than the territorial waters, which end at 12 nmi (22 kم) from the coastal baseline (if following the rules set out in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea). Thus, the exclusive economic zones includes the contiguous zone. States also have rights to the seabed of what is called the continental shelf up to 350 nmi (650 kم) from the coastal baseline, beyond the exclusive economic zones, but such areas are not part of their exclusive economic zones. The legal definition of the continental shelf does not directly correspond to the geological meaning of the term, as it also includes the continental rise and slope, and the entire seabed within the exclusive economic zone.
الأصل
The idea of allotting nations EEZs to give them more control of maritime affairs outside territorial limits gained acceptance in the late 20th century.
Initially, a country's sovereign territorial waters extended 3 nmi or 5.6 kم (range of cannon shot) beyond the shore. In modern times, a country's sovereign territorial waters extend to 12 nmi (22 kم) beyond the shore. One of the first assertions of exclusive jurisdiction beyond the traditional territorial seas was made by the الولايات المتحدة in the Truman Proclamation of September 28, 1945. However, it was Chile and Peru respectively that first claimed maritime zones of 200 nautical miles with the Presidential Declaration Concerning Continental Shelf of 23 June 1947 (El Mercurio, Santiago de Chile, 29 June 1947) and Presidential Decree No. 781 of 1 August 1947 (El Peruano: Diario Oficial [ك]. Vol. 107, No. 1983, 11 August 1947).
It was not until 1982 with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea that the 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zone was formally adopted.
النزاعات
The exact extent of exclusive economic zones is a common source of conflicts between states over marine waters.
- Norway and Russia dispute both territorial sea and EEZ with regard to the Svalbard archipelago as it affects Russia's EEZ due to its unique treaty status. A treaty was agreed in principle in April 2010 between the two states and subsequently ratified, resolving this demarcation dispute. The agreement was signed in Murmansk on September 15, 2010.
- The South China Sea (and the Spratly Islands) is the site of an ongoing dispute between several neighboring nations.
- Croatia's ZERP (Ecological and Fisheries Protection Zone) in the Adriatic Sea caused friction with Italy and Slovenia, and caused problems during Croatia's accession to the European Union.
- A wedge-shaped section of the Beaufort Sea is disputed between Canada and the الولايات المتحدة, as the area reportedly contains substantial oil reserves.
- France claims a portion of Canada's EEZ for Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon based on a new definition of the continental shelf and EEZ between the two countries. Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon is entirely surrounded by Canada's EEZ.
- Mauritius claims EEZ for Tromelin from France and EEZ for British Indian Ocean Territory from the UK.
- هجريا claims a portion of Cyprus's EEZ based on Turkey's peculiar definition that no islands, including Cyprus, can have full EEZ and should only entitled to a 12 nautical mile reduced EEZ rather than the usual 200 that Turkey and every other country are entitled to, including an area to the south of Cyprus containing an offshore gas field. Furthermore, the internationally unrecognized Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), which was created as result of the Turkish Invasion of Cyprus, also claims portions of Cypriot EEZ. Cyprus and the international community do not acknowledge the Turkish claims on Cyprus's land and sea, which are viewed as illegal under international law and urge Turkey to restraint itself from illegal drilling for gas in the island's EEZ. Furthermore, EU has threatened Turkey with economic and political sanctions for violating the Cypriot EEZ.
- Lebanon claims that the agreement between Cyprus and Israel overlapped its own EEZ.
النزاعات المحتملة
Regions where a permanent ice shelf extends beyond the coastline are also a source of potential dispute.
حل النزاعات
- The Cod Wars between the United Kingdom and Iceland occurred periodically over many decades, until they were resolved with a final agreement in 1976.
- In 1999, following the Hanish Islands conflict, the Permanent Court of Arbitration ruled that the EEZs of Yemen and Eritrea should be demarcated equidistantly between the mainlands of the two nations, without taking account of sovereignty over the islands.
- In 2009, in a dispute between Romania and Ukraine over Snake Island, the UN International Court of Justice decided that Snake Island has no EEZ beyond 12 nautical miles of its own land.
المخزونات العابرة للحدود
Fisheries management, usually adhering to guidelines set by the FAO, provides significant practical mechanisms for the control of EEZs. Transboundary fish stocks are an important concept in this control. Transboundary stocks are fish stocks that range in the EEZs of at least two countries. Straddling stocks, on the other hand, range both within an EEZ as well as in the high seas, outside any EEZ. A stock can be both transboundary and straddling.
By country
الأرجنتين
أستراليا
Australia's Exclusive Economic Zone was declared on 1 August 1994, and extends from 12 nautical miles to 200 nautical miles (370 km) from the coastline of Australia and its external territories, except where a maritime delimitation agreement exists with another state. To the 12 nautical miles boundary is Australia's territorial waters. Australia has the third largest exclusive economic zone, behind France and the United States, but ahead of Russia, with the total area of 8,148,250 square kilometres, which actually exceeds its land territory.
The United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf confirmed, in April 2008, Australia's rights over an additional 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed beyond the limits of Australia's EEZ. Australia also claimed, in its submission to the UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, additional Continental Shelf past its EEZ from the Australian Antarctic Territory, but these claims were deferred on Australia's request. However, Australia's EEZ from its Antarctic Territory is approximately 2 million square kilometres.
| EEZ | Area (km2) |
|---|---|
| Heard and McDonald Islands | 410,722 |
 جزيرة عيد الميلاد
|
463,371 |
 جزر كوكوز
|
325,021 |
 جزيرة نورفوك
|
428,618 |
| Macquarie Island | 471,837 |
| Mainland Australia, Tasmania and minor islands | 6,048,681 |
| Australian Antarctic Territory | 2,000,000 |
| Total | 10,148,250 |
البرازيل
Brazil's EEZ includes areas around the Fernando de Noronha Islands, St Paul and St. Peter Archipelago and the Trindade and Martim Islands.
| EEZ | Area (km2) |
|---|---|
 البرازيل
|
2 570 917 |
| Fernando de Noronha | 363 362 |
| St Paul and St. Peter Archipelago | 413 636 |
| Trindade & Martim Vaz Isl. | 468 599 |
| Total | 3 830 955 |
In 2004, the country submitted its claims to the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its maritime continental margin.
كندا
Canada is unusual in that its exclusive economic zone, covering 5,599,077 kم2 (6.026796×1013 قدم2), is slightly smaller than its territorial waters. The latter generally extend only 12 nautical miles from the shore, but also include inland marine waters such as Hudson Bay (about 300 ميل بحريs (560 kم; 350 ميل) across), the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the internal waters of the Arctic archipelago.
تشيلي
Chile's EEZ includes areas around the Desventuradas Islands, Easter Island and the Juan Fernández Islands.
| Region | EEZ Area (km2) | Land area | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mainland | 1 975 760 | 755 757 | 2 731 517 |
| Desventuradas | 449 836 | 5 | 449 841 |
| Easter | 720 412 | 164 | 720 576 |
| Juan Fernandez | 502 524 | 100 | 502 624 |
| Total | 3 648 532 | 755 921 | 4 404 453 |
الصين
The first figure excludes all disputed waters, while the last figure indicates China's claimed boundaries, and does not take into account neighboring powers' claims.
قبرص
The Exclusive Economic Zone of Cyprus covers more than 70,000 km2 and is divided between 13 exploration blocks. The process of the establishment of Cyprus, Israel and Lebanon Exclusive Economic Zones was held in Nicosia in 2010 with separate meetings between each country. Cyprus and Israel as part of their wider cooperation have agreed to start their gas explorations with a common American company, specifically Noble Energy. Cypriot and Israeli governments are discussing to export their natural gas through the shipping of compressed Natural Gas to Greece and then to the rest of Europe or through a subsea Pipelines starting from Israel and then leading to Greece via Cyprus.
الدنمارك
The Kingdom of Denmark includes the constituent country (selvstyre) of Greenland and the constituent country (hjemmestyre) of the Faroe Islands.
| Region | EEZ & TW Area (km2) | Land area | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
 الدنمارك
|
105 989 | 42 506 | 149 083 |
 جزر فارو
|
260 995 | 1 399 | 262 394 |
 گرينلاند
|
2 184 254 | 2 166 086 | 4 350 340 |
| Total | 2 551 238 | 2 210 579 | 4 761 817 |
فرنسا
Due to its numerous overseas departments and territories scattered on all oceans of the planet, France possesses the second largest EEZ in the world, covering 10,165,095 km2 (4,514,000 mi2), the EEZ of the United States is the first largest (11,351,000 km2 / 4,382,000 mi2). The EEZ of France covers approximately 8% of the total surface of all the EEZs of the world, whereas the land area of the French Republic is only 0.45% of the total land area of the Earth.
| Region | EEZ & TW Area (km2) | Land area | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
 البر الرئيسي لفرنسا
|
334,604 | 551,695 | 886,299 |
|
گويانا الفرنسية
|
133,949 | 83,846 | 217,795 |
|
گوادلوپ
|
95,978 | 1,628 | 97,606 |
|
مارتينيك
|
47,640 | 1,128 | 48,768 |
|
ريونيون
|
315,058 | 2,512 | 317,570 |
 پولينيزيا الفرنسية
|
4,767,242 | 4,167 | 4,771,409 |
|
سان پيير وميكلون
|
12,334 | 242 | 12,576 |
|
مايوطة
|
63,078 | 376 | 63,454 |
|
والس وفوتونا
|
258,269 | 264 | 258,533 |
|
سان مارتن
|
1,000 | 53 | 1,053 |
|
سانت بارتليمي
|
4,000 | 21 | 4,021 |
 كاليدونيا الجديدة
|
1,422,543 | 18,575 | 1,441,118 |
|
جزيرة كليپرتون
|
431,263 | 6 | 431,269 |
| Crozet Islands | 574,558 | 352 | 574,910 |
| Kerguelen Islands | 567,732 | 7,215 | 574,947 |
| Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands | 509,015 | 66 | 509,081 |
| Scattered islands in the Indian Ocean | 352,117 | 44 | 352,161 |
| Tromelin Island | 270,455 | 1 | 270,456 |
| Total | 10,160,835 | 675,417 | 12,366,417 |
اليونان
Greece has claimed an exclusive economic zone, as it is entitled to do so, as per UNCLOS 1982 as well as customary international law.
According to published maps, the Israel government has recognized the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) of Greece and Cyprus. They describe the course of the gas pipeline which will transfer gas produced by American Νoble Εnergy Ltd. from the Leviathan reservoir to Europe, through an undersea pipeline crossing Greece. The gas pipeline should traverse the sea area, which according to international law, is part of the Greek EEZ. By this proposal, Israel recognizes the Greek EEZ in the area and offers an advantage that Greece can use during negotiation procedures to support its claims on the area. In practice, this cooperation will set up a powerful energy coalition between Greece, Cyprus and Israel. The mining and operating part will be undertaken by an American company. "The substance of the issue is that in an effort to protect and secure vital Israeli interests in the Mediterranean Sea, Israel has been left with no choice other than to officially delimit its maritime borders".
الهند
- Mainland India and Lakshadweep, 1,641,514 km2
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands, 663,629 km2
- Total: 2,305,143 km2
India is currently seeking to extend its EEZ to 350 miles.
إسرائيل
In 2010, an agreement was signed with Cyprus concerning the limit of territorial waters between Israel and Cyprus at the maritime halfway point, a clarification essential for safeguarding Israel's rights to oil and underwater gas reservoirs. The agreement was signed in Nicosia by Israeli Infrastructure Minister Uzi Landau and the Cypriot Foreign Minister Markos Kyprianou. The two countries agreed to cooperate in the development of any cross border resources discovered, and to negotiate an agreement on dividing joint resources.
اليابان
| EEZ | Area (km2) |
|---|---|
| Marcus Island | 428,875 |
| Nanpō Islands | 862,782 |
| Pacific Ocean (Japan) | 1,162,334 |
| Ryukyu Islands | 1,394,676 |
| Sea of Japan | 630,721 |
| Daito Islands | 44 |
| Senkaku Islands | 7 |
| Sea of Okhotsk | 235 |
| Total | 4,479,674 |
Japan has disputes over its EEZ boundaries with all its Asian neighbors (Russia, Republic of Korea, China and Taiwan). The above, and relevant maps at the Sea Around Us Project both indicate Japan's claimed boundaries, and do not take into account neighboring powers' claims.
Japan also refers to various categories of "shipping area" – Smooth Water Area, Coasting Area, Major or Greater Coasting Area, Ocean Going Area – but it is unclear whether these are intended to have any territorial or economic implications.
المكسيك
Mexico's exclusive economic zones comprise a total surface area of 3,144,295 km2, and places Mexico among the countries with the largest areas in the world. This puts Mexico's total territory as 5,153,735 km2.
نيوزيلندا
New Zealand's EEZ covers 4,083,744 kم2 (4.395705×1013 قدم2), which is approximately fifteen times the land area of the country. Sources vary significantly on the size of New Zealand's EEZ; for example, a recent government publication gave the area as roughly 4,300,000 km2. These figures are for the EEZ of New Zealand proper, and do not include the EEZs of other territories in the Realm of New Zealand (Tokelau, Niue, the Cook Islands and the Ross Dependency).
كوريا الشمالية
The exclusive economic zone of North Korea stretches 200 nautical miles from its basepoints in both the West Sea (Yellow Sea) and the Sea of Japan. The EEZ was declared in 1977 after North Korea had contested the validity of the Northern Limit Lines (NLL) set up after the Korean War as maritime borders. The EEZ has not been codified in law and North Korea has never specified its coordinates, making it difficult to determine its specific scope.
In the West Sea, the EEZ remains unspecified in the Korean Bay because China has not determined its own EEZ in the area. The border between the North Korean and South Korean EEZs in the West Sea cannot be determined because of potential overlap and disputes over certain islands.
In the Sea of Japan, the North Korean EEZ can be approximated to be trapezoidal-shaped. The border between North Korea and Russia's respective EEZs is the only such border that has been determined in East Asia. Here, the EEZ does not cause many problems, even with regards to South Korea, because the sea is not thought to be rich in resources.
النرويج
Norway has a large exclusive economic zone of 819 620 km2 around its coast. The country has a fishing zone of 1,878,953 km2, including fishing zones around Svalbard and Jan Mayen.
In April 2009, the United Nations Commission for the Limits of the Continental Shelf approved Norway's claim to an additional 235,000 square kilometres of continental shelf. The commission found that Norway and Russia both had valid claims over a portion of shelf in the Barents Sea.
| Region | EEZ & TW Area (km2) | Land area | Total |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mainland | 1 273 482 | 323 802 | 1 597 284 |
| Svalbard | 402 574 | 61 002 | 463 576 |
| Jan Mayen | 273 118 | 373 | 273 491 |
| Bouvet Island | 436 004 | 49 | 436 053 |
| Total | 2 385 178 | 385 226 | 2 770 404 |
الفلبين
The Philippines' EEZ covers 2,263,816 kم2 (874,064 ميل2).
بولندا
The Polish EEZ covers the area of 30,533 kم2 (3.2865×1011 قدم2) within the Baltic Sea.
البرتغال
Portugal has the 20th largest EEZ in the world. Presently, it is divided in three non-contiguous sub-zones:
- Continental Portugal 327,667 km2
- Azores 953,633 km2
- Madeira 446,108 km2
- Total : 1,727,408 km2
Portugal submitted a claim to extend its jurisdiction over additional 2.15 million square kilometers of the neighboring continental shelf in May 2009, resulting in an area with a total of more than 3,877,408 km2. The submission, as well as a detailed map, can be found in the Task Group for the extension of the Continental Shelf website.
Spain disputes the EEZ's southern border, maintaining that it should be drawn halfway between Madeira and the Canary Islands. But Portugal exercises sovereignty over the Savage Islands, a small archipelago north of the Canaries, claiming an EEZ border further south. Spain objects, arguing that the Savage Islands do not have a separate continental shelf, citing article 121 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
روسيا
- Kaliningrad (Baltic Sea) – 11,634 km2
- St. Petersburg (Baltic Sea) – 12,759 km2
- Barents Sea – 1,308,140 km2
- Black Sea (without the Crimean EEZ) – 66,854 km2
- Pacific – 3,419,202 km2
- Siberia – 3,277,292 km2
- Total – 8,095,881 km2
الصومال
- 825,052 km2
جنوب أفريقيا
South Africa's EEZ includes both that next to the African mainland and that around the Prince Edward Islands, totalling 1,535,538 km2.
- Mainland – 1,068,659 km2
- Prince Edward islands – 466,879 km2
كوريا الجنوبية
Area: 300,851 (225,214) km2
المملكة المتحدة
The United Kingdom's exclusive economic zone is the fifth largest in the world at 6,805,586 square km. It comprises the exclusive economic zones surrounding the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies, and the British Overseas Territories. The figure does not include the EEZ of the British Antarctic Territory. The exclusive economic zones associated with the Falkland Islands and South Georgia are disputed by Argentina. The EEZ of the Chagos archipelago also known as the British Indian Ocean Territory is also disputed with Mauritius which considers the EEZ as part of its territory.
The UK was late to establish an EEZ, relying on overlapping maritime zones for fisheries, pollution control, and energy matters. The Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 gave the powers to establish an EEZ, with the zone defined by The Exclusive Economic Zone Order 2013 which came into force on 31 March 2014.
Only the United Kingdom and Gibraltar are part of the EU. The Crown dependencies and the remaining overseas territories (that is, all except Gibraltar) are not part of the EU. The United Kingdom has not as yet claimed its rights with regards to Gibraltar or the Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus.
| Territory | km2 | sq mi | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| United Kingdom | 773,676 | 8.32778×1012 | includes Rockall and the Isle of Man |
| Anguilla | 92,178 | 9.9220×1011 | |
| Ascension Island† | 441,658 | 4.75397×1012 | |
| Bermuda | 450,370 | 4.8477×1012 | |
| British Indian Ocean Territory | 638,568 | 6.87349×1012 | disputed with Mauritius |
| British Virgin Islands | 80,117 | 8.6237×1011 | |
| Cayman Islands | 119,137 | 1.28238×1012 | |
| Channel Islands | 11,658 | 1.2549×1011 | |
| Falkland Islands | 550,872 | 5.92954×1012 | disputed with Argentina |
| Gibraltar | 426 | 4.59×109 | disputed with Spain |
| Montserrat | 7,582 | 8.161×1010 | |
| Pitcairn Island | 836,108 | 8.99979×1012 | |
| Saint Helena† | 444,916 | 4.78904×1012 | |
| South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands | 1,449,532 | 1.560263×1013 | disputed with Argentina |
| Tristan da Cunha archipelago† | 754,720 | 8.1237×1012 | |
| Turks and Caicos Islands | 154,068 | 1.65837×1012 | |
| Total | 6,805,586 | 2,627,651 |
†Part of the overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, which together has an EEZ of 1,641,294 square km.
الولايات المتحدة الامريكية
The United States' exclusive economic zone is the largest in the world, covering 11,351,000 km2. Areas of its EEZ are located in three oceans, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea.
- Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act
The sizes of the components of the US EEZ/territorial seas are (in decreasing size):
- Alaska – 3,770,021 kم2 (1,455,613 ميل2)
- Hawaii – Northwest Islands – 1,579,538 kم2 (609,863 ميل2)
- U.S. East Coast – 915,763 kم2 (353,578 ميل2)
- Hawaii – Main Islands – 895,346 kم2 (345,695 ميل2)
- U.S. West Coast – 825,549 kم2 (318,746 ميل2)
- Northern Marianas – 749,268 kم2 (289,294 ميل2)
- Mainland Gulf Coast – 707,832 kم2 (273,295 ميل2)
- Johnston Atoll – 442,635 kم2 (170,902 ميل2)
- Howland and Baker Islands – 434,921 kم2 (167,924 ميل2)
- Wake Island – 407,241 kم2 (157,237 ميل2)
- American Samoa – 404,391 kم2 (156,136 ميل2)
- Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef – 352,300 kم2 (136,000 ميل2)
- Jarvis Island – 316,665 kم2 (122,265 ميل2)
- Guam – 221,504 kم2 (85,523 ميل2)
- Puerto Rico – 177,685 kم2 (68,605 ميل2)
- U.S. Virgin Islands – 33,744 kم2 (13,029 ميل2)
Total: 11,351,000 kم2 (4,383,000 ميل2)
فيتنام
Vietnam has an exclusive economic zone of 417,663 kم2 (161,261 ميل2). It includes the Paracel Islands and Spratley Islands. It has disputes mainly with الصين due to the Nine-Dash Line.
الترتيب حسب المنطقة
This list includes dependent territories within their sovereign states (including uninhabited territories), but does not include claims on Antarctica. EEZ+TIA is exclusive economic zone (EEZ) plus total internal area (TIA) which includes land and internal waters.
| Rank | Country | EEZ km2 | Shelf km2 | EEZ+TIA km2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| - |
 الاتحاد الأوروپي
|
25,000,000 | 1,346,878 | 30,000,000 |
| 1 |
فرنسا
|
11,691,000 | 579,422 | 12,366,417 |
| 2 |
 الولايات المتحدة
|
11,351,000 | 2,193,526 | 21,814,306 |
| 3 |
 أستراليا
|
8,505,348 | 2,194,008 | 16,197,464 |
| 4 |
 روسيا
|
7,566,673 | 3,817,843 | 24,664,915 |
| 5 |
 المملكة المتحدة
|
6,805,586 | 872,891 | 7,048,486 |
| 6 |
 إندونيسيا
|
6,159,032 | 2,039,381 | 8,063,601 |
| 7 |
 كندا
|
5,599,077 | 2,644,795 | 15,607,077 |
| 8 |
 اليابان
|
4,479,388 | 214,976 | 4,857,318 |
| 9 |
 نيوزيلندا
|
4,083,744 | 277,610 | 4,352,424 |
| 10 |
البرازيل
|
3,830,955 | 774,563 | 12,345,832 |
| 11 |
 تشيلي
|
3,681,989 | 252,947 | 4,431,381 |
| 12 |
 كيريباس
|
3,441,810 | 7,523 | 3,442,536 |
| 13 |
 المكسيك
|
3,269,386 | 419,102 | 5,141,968 |
| 14 |
 ميكرونزيا
|
2,996,419 | 19,403 | 2,997,121 |
| 15 |
الدنمارك
|
2,551,238 | 495,657 | 4,761,811 |
| 16 |
 پاپوا غينيا الجديدة
|
2,402,288 | 191,256 | 2,865,128 |
| 17 |
 النرويج
|
2,385,178 | 434,020 | 2,770,404 |
| 18 |
 الهند
|
2,305,143 | 402,996 | 5,592,406 |
| 19 |
 جزر مارشال
|
1,990,530 | 18,411 | 1,990,711 |
| 20 |
 الپرتغال
|
1,727,408 | 28,000 | 1,819,498 |
| 21 |
 الفلپين
|
1,590,780 | 272,921 | 1,890,780 |
| 22 |
 جزر سولومون
|
1,589,477 | 36,282 | 1,618,373 |
| 23 |
 جنوب أفريقيا
|
1,535,538 | 156,337 | 2,756,575 |
| 24 |
 سيشل
|
1,336,559 | 39,063 | 1,337,014 |
| 25 |
 موريشيوس
|
1,284,997 | 29,061 | 1,287,037 |
| 26 |
 فيجي
|
1,282,978 | 47,705 | 1,301,250 |
| 27 |
 مدغشقر
|
1,225,259 | 101,505 | 1,812,300 |
| 28 |
 الأرجنتين
|
1,159,063 | 856,346 | 3,939,463 |
| 29 |
 الإكوادور
|
1,077,231 | 41,034 | 1,333,600 |
| 30 |
 إسپانيا
|
1,039,233 | 77,920 | 1,545,225 |
| 31 |
 المالديڤ
|
923,322 | 34,538 | 923,622 |
| 32 |
 پيرو
|
906,454 | 82,000 | 2,191,670 |
| 33 |
 الصين
|
877,019 | 231,340 | 10,473,980 |
| 34 |
 الصومال
|
825,052 | 55,895 | 1,462,709 |
| 35 |
 كولومبيا
|
808,158 | 53,691 | 1,949,906 |
| 36 |
 الرأس الأخضر
|
800,561 | 5,591 | 804,594 |
| 37 |
 آيسلندا
|
751,345 | 108,015 | 854,345 |
| 38 |
 توڤالو
|
749,790 | 3,575 | 749,816 |
| 39 |
 ڤانواتو
|
663,251 | 11,483 | 675,440 |
| 40 |
 تونگا
|
659,558 | 8,517 | 660,305 |
| 41 |
 البهاما
|
654,715 | 106,323 | 668,658 |
| 42 |
 پالاو
|
603,978 | 2,837 | 604,437 |
| 43 |
 موزمبيق
|
578,986 | 94,212 | 1,380,576 |
| 44 |
 المغرب
|
575,230 | 115,157 | 1,287,780 |
| 45 |
 كوستاريكا
|
574,725 | 19,585 | 625,825 |
| 46 |
 ناميبيا
|
564,748 | 86,698 | 1,388,864 |
| 47 |
 اليمن
|
552,669 | 59,229 | 1,080,637 |
| 48 |
 إيطاليا
|
541,915 | 116,834 | 843,251 |
| 49 |
 عُمان
|
533,180 | 59,071 | 842,680 |
| 50 |
 ميانمار
|
532,775 | 220,332 | 1,209,353 |
| 51 |
 سريلانكا
|
532,619 | 32,453 | 598,229 |
| 52 |
 أنگولا
|
518,433 | 48,092 | 1,765,133 |
| 53 |
 اليونان
|
505,572 | 81,451 | 637,529 |
| 54 |
 كوريا الجنوبية
|
475,469 | 342,522 | 575,469 |
| 55 |
 ڤنزويلا
|
471,507 | 98,500 | 1,387,950 |
| 56 |
 ڤيتنام
|
417,663 | 365,198 | 748,875 |
| 57 |
 أيرلندا
|
410,310 | 139,935 | 480,583 |
| 58 |
 ليبيا
|
351,589 | 64,763 | 2,111,129 |
| 59 |
 كوبا
|
350,751 | 61,525 | 460,637 |
| 60 |
 پنما
|
335,646 | 53,404 | 411,163 |
| 61 |
 ماليزيا
|
334,671 | 323,412 | 665,474 |
| 62 |
 ناورو
|
308,480 | 41 | 308,501 |
| 63 |
 غينيا الإستوائية
|
303,509 | 7,820 | 331,560 |
| 64 |
 تايلند
|
299,397 | 230,063 | 812,517 |
| 65 |
 پاكستان
|
290,000 | 51,383 | 1,117,911 |
| 66 |
 مصر
|
263,451 | 61,591 | 1,265,451 |
| 67 |
 هجريا
|
261,654 | 56,093 | 1,045,216 |
| 68 |
 جامايكا
|
258,137 | 9,802 | 269,128 |
| 69 |
 جمهورية الدومنيكان
|
255,898 | 10,738 | 304,569 |
| 70 |
 ليبريا
|
249,734 | 17,715 | 361,103 |
| 71 |
 هندوراس
|
249,542 | 68,718 | 362,034 |
| 72 |
 تنزانيا
|
241,888 | 25,611 | 1,186,975 |
| 73 |
 غانا
|
235,349 | 22,502 | 473,888 |
| 74 |
 السعودية
|
228,633 | 107,249 | 2,378,323 |
| 75 |
 نيجريا
|
217,313 | 42,285 | 1,141,081 |
| 76 |
 سيراليون
|
215,611 | 28,625 | 287,351 |
| 77 |
 الگابون
|
202,790 | 35,020 | 470,458 |
| 78 |
 بربادوس
|
186,898 | 426 | 187,328 |
| 79 |
 ساحل العاج
|
176,254 | 10,175 | 498,717 |
| 80 |
 إيران
|
168,718 | 118,693 | 1,797,468 |
| 81 |
 موريتانيا
|
165,338 | 31,662 | 1,190,858 |
| 82 |
 جزر القمر
|
163,752 | 1,526 | 165,987 |
| 83 |
 السويد
|
160,885 | 154,604 | 602,255 |
| 84 |
 السنغال
|
158,861 | 23,092 | 355,583 |
| 85 |
 هولندا
|
154,011 | 77,246 | 192,345 |
| 85 |
 أوكرانيا
|
147,318 | 79,142 | 750,818 |
| 86 |
 أوروگواي
|
142,166 | 75,327 | 318,381 |
| 87 |
 گويانا
|
137,765 | 50,578 | 352,734 |
| 88 |
 ساوتومه وپرنسيپه
|
131,397 | 1,902 | 132,361 |
| 89 |
 ساموا
|
127,950 | 2,087 | 130,781 |
| 90 |
 سورينام
|
127,772 | 53,631 | 291,592 |
| 91 |
 هايتي
|
126,760 | 6,683 | 154,510 |
| 92 |
 الجزائر
|
126,353 | 9,985 | 2,508,094 |
| 93 |
 نيكاراگوا
|
123,881 | 70,874 | 254,254 |
| 94 |
 غينيا-بيساو
|
123,725 | 39,339 | 159,850 |
| 95 |
 كنيا
|
116,942 | 11,073 | 697,309 |
| 96 |
 گواتيمالا
|
114,170 | 14,422 | 223,059 |
| 97 |
 أنتيگا وبربودا
|
110,089 | 4,128 | 110,531 |
| 98 |
 تونس
|
101,857 | 67,126 | 265,467 |
| 99 |
 قبرص
|
98,707 | 4,042 | 107,958 |
| 100 |
 السلڤادور
|
90,962 | 16,852 | 112,003 |
| 101 |
 فنلندا
|
87,171 | 85,109 | 425,590 |
| 102 |
 بنگلادش
|
86,392 | 66,438 | 230,390 |
| 103 |
 تايوان
|
83,231 | 43,016 | 119,419 |
| 104 |
 إرتريا
|
77,728 | 61,817 | 195,328 |
| 105 |
 ترنيداد وتوباگو
|
74,199 | 25,284 | 79,329 |
| 106 |
 تيمور الشرقية
|
70,326 | 25,648 | 85,200 |
| 107 |
 السودان
|
68,148 | 19,827 | 1,954,216 |
| 108 |
 كمبوديا
|
62,515 | 62,515 | 243,550 |
| 109 |
 غينيا
|
59,426 | 44,755 | 305,283 |
| 110 |
 كرواتيا
|
59,032 | 50,277 | 115,626 |
| 111 |
 الإمارات العربية المتحدة
|
58,218 | 57,474 | 141,818 |
| 112 |
 ألمانيا
|
57,485 | 57,485 | 414,599 |
| 113 |
 مالطا
|
54,823 | 5,301 | 55,139 |
| 114 |
 إستونيا
|
36,992 | 36,992 | 82,219 |
| 115 |
 سانت ڤنسنت والگرنادينز
|
36,302 | 1,561 | 36,691 |
| 116 |
 بليز
|
35,351 | 13,178 | 58,317 |
| 117 |
 بلغاريا
|
34,307 | 10,426 | 145,186 |
| 118 |
 بنين
|
33,221 | 2,721 | 145,843 |
| 119 |
 قطر
|
31,590 | 31,590 | 43,176 |
| 120 |
 الكونغو
|
31,017 | 7,982 | 373,017 |
| 121 |
 پولندا
|
29,797 | 29,797 | 342,482 |
| 122 |
 دومنيكا
|
28,985 | 659 | 29,736 |
| 123 |
 لاتڤيا
|
28,452 | 27,772 | 93,011 |
| 124 |
 گرينادا
|
27,426 | 2,237 | 27,770 |
| 125 |
 إسرائيل
|
26,352 | 3,745 | 48,424 |
| 126 |
 رومانيا
|
23,627 | 19,303 | 262,018 |
| 127 |
 گامبيا
|
23,112 | 5,581 | 34,407 |
| 128 |
 جورجيا
|
21,946 | 3,243 | 91,646 |
| 129 |
 لبنان
|
19,516 | 1,067 | 29,968 |
| 130 |
 الكاميرون
|
16,547 | 11,420 | 491,989 |
| 131 |
 سانت لوشيا
|
15,617 | 544 | 16,156 |
| 132 |
 ألبانيا
|
13,691 | 6,979 | 42,439 |
| 133 |
 توگو
|
12,045 | 1,265 | 68,830 |
| 134 |
 الكويت
|
11,026 | 11,026 | 28,844 |
| 135 |
 سوريا
|
10,503 | 1,085 | 195,683 |
| 136 |
 البحرين
|
10,225 | 10,225 | 10,975 |
| 137 |
 بروناي
|
10,090 | 8,509 | 15,855 |
| 138 |
 سانت كيتس ونڤيس
|
9,974 | 653 | 10,235 |
| 139 |
 الجبل الأسود
|
7,745 | 3,896 | 21,557 |
| 140 |
 جيبوتي
|
7,459 | 3,187 | 30,659 |
| 141 |
 لتوانيا
|
7,031 | 7,031 | 72,331 |
| 142 |
 بلجيكا
|
3,447 | 3,447 | 33,975 |
| 143 |
 الكونغوالديمقراطية
|
1,606 | 1,593 | 2,346,464 |
| 144 |
 سنغافورة
|
1,067 | 1,067 | 1,772 |
| 145 |
 العراق
|
771 | 771 | 439,088 |
| 146 |
 موناكو
|
288 | 2 | 290 |
| 147 |
 فلسطين
|
256 | 256 | 6,276 |
| 148 |
 سلوڤنيا
|
220 | 220 | 20,493 |
| 149 |
 الأردن
|
166 | 59 | 89,508 |
| 150 |
 البوسنة والهرسك
|
50 | 50 | 51,259 |
| 151 |
 قزخستان
|
2,724,900 | ||
| 152 |
 منغوليا
|
1,564,100 | ||
| 153 |
 تشاد
|
1,284,000 | ||
| 154 |
 النيجر
|
1,267,000 | ||
| 155 |
 مالي
|
1,240,192 | ||
| 156 |
 إثيوپيا
|
1,104,300 | ||
| 157 |
 بوليڤيا
|
1,098,581 | ||
| 158 |
 زامبيا
|
752,612 | ||
| 159 |
 أفغانستان
|
652,090 | ||
| 160 |
 جمهورية أفريقيا الوسطى
|
622,984 | ||
| 161 |
 جنوب السودان
|
619,745 | ||
| 162 |
 بتسوانا
|
582,000 | ||
| 163 |
 هجرمنستان
|
488,100 | ||
| 164 |
 اوزبكستان
|
447,400 | ||
| 165 |
 پاراگواي
|
406,752 | ||
| 166 |
 زيمبابوي
|
390,757 | ||
| 167 |
 بوركينا فاسو
|
274,222 | ||
| 168 |
 أوغندا
|
241,038 | ||
| 169 |
 لاوس
|
236,800 | ||
| 170 |
 بلاروس
|
207,600 | ||
| 171 |
 قيرغيزستان
|
199,951 | ||
| 172 |
 نيپال
|
147,181 | ||
| 173 |
 طاجيكستان
|
143,100 | ||
| 174 |
 ملاوي
|
118,484 | ||
| 175 |
 المجر
|
93,028 | ||
| 176 |
 أذربيجان
|
86,600 | ||
| 177 |
 النمسا
|
83,871 | ||
| 178 |
 التشيك
|
78,867 | ||
| 179 |
 صربيا
|
77,474 | ||
| 180 |
 سلوڤاكيا
|
49,035 | ||
| 181 |
 سويسرا
|
41,284 | ||
| 182 |
 بوتان
|
38,394 | ||
| 183 |
 مولدوڤا
|
33,846 | ||
| 184 |
 لسوتو
|
30,355 | ||
| 185 |
 أرمنيا
|
29,743 | ||
| 186 |
 بوروندي
|
27,834 | ||
| 187 |
 رواندا
|
26,338 | ||
| 188 |
 شمال مقدونيا
|
25,713 | ||
| 189 |
 سوازيلاند
|
17,364 | ||
| 190 |
 كوسوڤو
|
10,887 | ||
| 191 |
 لوكسمبورگ
|
2,586 | ||
| 192 |
 أندورا
|
468 | ||
| 193 |
 ليختنشتاين
|
160 | ||
| 194 |
 سان مارينو
|
61 | ||
| 195 |
 الڤاتيكان
|
0.44 | ||
| Total |
 الأمم المتحدة
|
137,159,222 | 25,103,204 | 274,004,586 |
المصادر
- ^ المنطقة الاقتصادية الخالصة ..تعريف وماهية المنطقة الاقتصادية الخالصة، خالد محمد الجانبي، مركز النور
- ^ William R. Slomanson, 2006. Fundamental Perspectives on International Law, 5th edn. Belmont, CA: Thomson-Wadsworth, 294.
- ^ UN Convention on the Law of The Sea.
- ^ [1] 1982 UN Convention on the Law of The Sea.
- ^ The Exclusive Economic Zone: A Historical Perspective. Fao.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
- ^ Russia and Norway Reach Accord on Barents Sea, New York Times, 28 April 2010, Accessed 28 April 2010
- ^ Russia and Norway resolve Arctic border dispute, Guardian, 15 September 2010, Accessed 21 September 2010
- ^ "Im östlichen Mittelmeer sollen Erdgasvorkommen von mehreren Billionen Kubikmetern liegen. Das befeuert den Zypernkonflikt". Neue Zürcher Zeitung. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
- ^ "NZZ: Boreholes rekindle the Cyprus problem (original: ΝΖΖ: Οι γεωτρήσεις αναζωπυρώνουν το Κυπριακό)". Kathimerini. 13 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
- ^ "Turkey sends non paper to EU, warning to stay away from Cyprus EEZ". KeepTalkingGreece. 23 June 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ "Greece's maritime claims 'maximalist,' violate international boundaries law". Daily Sabah. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
- ^ "Wess Mitchell sends clear message to Turkey over Cyprus". Kathimerini. 21 December 2018. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
- ^ "Gas Partnership: Netanyahu Visits Cyprus". Retrieved 1 April 2017.
- ^ Makris, A. "Cyprus Calls on Turkey to Steer Away From Threats – GreekReporter.com". Retrieved 1 April 2017.
- ^ "Athens, Paris, Moscow and Cairo urge Ankara not to violate Cyprus' sovereignty". Kathimerini.تسعة July 2019. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
-
^ European Consortium for Church-State Research. Conference (2007). . Peeters Publishers. p. 50. ISBN .
There is little data concerning recognition of the 'legal status' of religions in the occupied territories, since any acts of the 'Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus' are not recognized by either the Republic of Cyprus or the international community.
-
^ Quigley. . Cambridge University Press. p. 164. ISBN .
The international community found this declaration invalid, on the ground that Turkey had occupied territory belonging to Cyprus and that the putative state was therefore an infringement on Cypriot sovereignty.
-
^ Nathalie Tocci (January 2004). . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 56. ISBN .
The occupied territory included 70 percent of the island's economic potential with over 50 percent of the industrial ... In addition, since partition Turkey encouraged mainland immigration to northern Cyprus. ... The international community, excluding Turkey, condemned the unilateral declaration of independence (UDI) as a.
-
^ Dr Anders Wivel; Robert Steinmetz (28 March 2013). . Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 165. ISBN .
To this day, it remains unrecognised by the international community, except by Turkey
-
^ Peter Neville (22 March 2013). . Scarecrow Press. p. 293. ISBN .
...Ecevit ordered the army to occupy the Turkish area on 20 July 1974. It became the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, but Britain, like the rest of the international community, except Turkey, refused to extend diplomatic recognition to the enclave. British efforts to secure Turkey's removal from its surrogate territory after 1974 failed.
- ^ "U.S. and EU concerned by Turkey's plans to drill off Cyprus". Reuters. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "Southern EU leaders express support for Cyprus amid Turkish energy ambitions". Kathimerini. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "EPP Group urges prompt EU answer to Turkish actions in Cyprus". eppgroup.eu. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "France Urges Turkey to Halt 'Illegal Activities' in Cyprus". aawsat.com. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "France sends strict warning to Turkey on Cyprus EEZ- EP President also expresses support". balkaneu.com. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "US urges Turkey against drilling off Cyprus". france24.com. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "Armenia urges Turkey to cease all activities within Cyprus EEZ". panorama.am. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "Israel backs Cyprus as Turkey vows to continue drilling in its waters". Times of Israel. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "Israel gives Cyprus 'full support' in gas drilling dispute with Turkey". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "EEZ: Switzerland's Foreign Minister on Cyprus's side: (original: "ΑΟΖ: Στο πλευρό της Κύπρου και ο Ελβετός ΥΠΕΞ")". onalert.gr. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "EU leaders blast Turkey over Cyprus' EEZ, order list of sanctions". tovima.gr. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ "Turkey's East Med ambitions facing EU roadblock – Bloomberg". ahvalnews.com. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
- ^ The Legal Status of Ice in the Antarctic Region Archived 2006-02-27 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "AWARD OF THE ARBITRAL TRIBUNAL IN THE SECOND STAGE OF THE PROCEEDINGS (MARITIME DELIMITATION)". Permanent Court of Arbitration. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
- ^ Kwiatkowska, Barbara (January 2001). "The Eritrea-Yemen Arbitration: Landmark Progress in the Acquisition of Territorial Sovereignty and Equitable Maritime Boundary Delimitation". Ocean Development and International Law. 32 (1). doi:10.1080/00908320150502177.
- ^ United Nations International Court of Justice Archived 2015-04-16 at the Wayback Machine. Decision year: 2009
- ^ FAO: The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006 Rome. ISBN 978-92-5-105568-7
- ^ FAO (2007) Report of the FAO workshop on vulnerable ecosystems and destructive fishing in deep sea fisheries[] Rome, Fisheries Report No. 829.
- ^ The Australian Fishing Zone
- ^ Geoscience Australia. 2005. Maritime Boundary Definitions Archived 2005-04-05 at the Wayback Machine..
- ^ UN confirms Australia’s rights over extra 2.5 million square kilometres of seabed. Archived 2009-10-25 at the Wayback Machine. Minister for Resources and Energy, The Hon Martin Ferguson AM MP, Media Release, 21 April 2008."Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-08-27. Retrieved 2008-11-13. CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
- ^ Geoscience Australia, 2012. Education: Oceans and Seas
- ^ Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea. Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf, Submission by Australia
-
^ See Around Us Project (n.d.). "Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
EEZ waters of: Brazil 2,570,917 km², Fernando de Noronha 363,362 km², St Paul and St. Peter Archipelago 413,636 km², Trindade & Martim Vaz Isl. 468,599 km²
- ^ UN Continental Shelf and UNCLOS Article 76: Brazilian Submission
- ^ Wildlife Habitat Canada. Canada's Marine Waters: Integrating the Boundaries of Politics and Nature Archived 2005-12-21 at the Wayback Machine..
-
^ See Around Us Project (n.d.). "Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)". Retrieved 3 June 2015.
EEZ waters of: Chile 1,975,760 km², Desventuradas Isl. 449,836 km², Easter Isl. 720,412 km², J. Fernandez, Felix and Ambrosio Isl. 502,524 km²
- ^ Γραφείο Τύπου και Πληροφοριών - About us. Cyprus.gov.cy. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
-
^ (PDF) http://www.cyprusgasconference.com/pdf/George%20Pamboridis.pdf. Retrieved December 29, 2012. Missing or empty
|title=(help) [] - ^ EEZ Waters Of Cyprus. Seaaroundus.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
- ^ Danish foreign ministry Archived 2008-11-23 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Indirect Proclamation of EEZ – Greece Gives Coordinates Of Continental Shelf To UN ~ HellasFrappe. Hellasfrappe.blogspot.com.es (2013-02-21). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
- ^ Israel Recognizes Greek Exclusive Economic Zone | News from Greeks in Africa, Asia, and South America. World.greekreporter.com (2011-02-23). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
- ^ Israel defends energy exploration deal with Cyprus | ICEJ UK. Uk.icej.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
- ^ Sunderarajan, P. "India hopes to double its EEZ". Retrieved 1 April 2017.
- ^ including areas recommended by "CLCS".
- ^ Japan (main islands) The Sea Around Us Project
- ^ Japan (outer islands) The Sea Around Us Project
- ^ Geographic location[]
- ^ New Zealand Sea Around Us Project
- ^ Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) The Sea Around Us Project
- ^ New Zealand Ministry for the Environment (2007). Improving Regulation of Environmental Effects in New Zealand’s Exclusive Economic Zone: Discussion Paper – Introduction Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine.. Published August 2007, Publication number ME824. ISBN 0-978-478-30160-1 Accessed 2006-01-07.
- ^ Prescott & Schofield 2001, p. 25.
- ^ Kim 2017, p. 20.
- ^ Kim 2017, pp. 20, 71–72.
- ^ Kim 2017, p. 77.
- ^ Kotch & Abbey 2003, p. 179.
- ^ Van Dyke 2009, p. 42.
- ^ Kim 2017, p. 51.
- ^ Statistisk årbok 2007 Accessed January 2008
- ^ UN backs Norway claim to Arctic seabed extension Archived 2009-12-11 at the Wayback Machine., Canwest News Service, 15 April 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2009.
- ^ Exclusive Economic Zones – Sea Around Us Project – Fisheries, Ecosystems & Biodiversity – Data and Visualization.
- ^ Inc., Advanced Solutions International. "404" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2004. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
- ^ Task Group for the Extension of the Portuguese Continental Shelf Archived 2009-12-18 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Portugal applies to UN to Extend Its Continental Shelf Zone. Accessed ثلاثة July 2011
- ^
- ^ "PREAMBLE TO THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA". Retrieved 1 April 2017.
- ^ "Sea Around Us Project – Data and Visualization". Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
- ^ "Sea Around Us – Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity". Retrieved 1 April 2017.
- ^ 10 Downing Street. "Countries within a country". Archived from the original on 2010-04-16. Retrieved 2010-01-16.
- ^ "The Exclusive Economic Zone Order 2013" http://www.legislation.gov.uk. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ Gibson, J. (January 2009). "The United Kingdom's elusive exclusive economic zone". Journal of Water Law. 20 (4). Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- ^ "The Exclusive Economic Zone Order 2013". legislation.gov.uk. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- ^ Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) Archived January 2, 2014, at the Wayback Machine.. Seaaroundus.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
- ^ Considering the maritime areas claimed, the total area of the Argentine reachesستة 581 500 km²
طالع أيضاً
- خط الأساس
- مياه اقليمية
- رصيف قاري
- مياه دولية
- منطقة تمييز للدفاع الجوي
وصلات خارجية
 |
مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع [[commons: Category:المنطقة الاقتصادية الخالصة
| المنطقة الاقتصادية الخالصة ]]. |
- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea - Part V
- Sea Around Us Project - View the EEZ of all nations (Note that this site does not distinguish between territorial waters and the EEZ, and so tends to overstate EEZ areas.)
- The USA zone since 1977
- GIS data : http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/marbound/
خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "lower-alpha"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="lower-alpha"/> أوهناك وسم </ref> ناقص
خطأ استشهاد: وسوم <ref> موجودة لمجموعة اسمها "status"، ولكن لم يتم العثور على وسم <references group="status"/> أوهناك وسم </ref> ناقص
