جون كالهون
نطقب:About-otherpeople
| John C. Calhoun | |
|---|---|
| 7th Vice President of the United States | |
|
في المنصب March 4, 1825 – December 28, 1832 | |
| الرئيس |
John Quincy Adams أندروجاكسون |
| سبقه | Daniel D. Tompkins |
| خلفه | Martin Van Buren |
|
United States Senator from South Carolina | |
|
في المنصب November 26, 1845 – March 31, 1850 | |
| سبقه | Daniel Elliott Huger |
| خلفه | Franklin H. Elmore |
|
في المنصب December 29, 1832 – March 3, 1843 | |
| سبقه | Robert Y. Hayne |
| خلفه | Daniel Elliott Huger |
| 16th United States Secretary of State | |
|
في المنصب April 1, 1844 – March 10, 1845 | |
| الرئيس |
John Tyler James K. Polk |
| سبقه | Abel P. Upshur |
| خلفه | James Buchanan |
| 10th United States Secretary of War | |
|
في المنصب December 8, 1817 – March 4, 1825 | |
| الرئيس | James Monroe |
| سبقه | William H. Crawford |
| خلفه | James Barbour |
| عضومجلس النواب الأمريكي عن الدائرة 6th في South Carolina | |
|
في المنصب March 4, 1811 – November 3, 1817 | |
| سبقه | Joseph Calhoun |
| خلفه | Eldred Simkins |
| تفاصيل شخصية | |
| وُلِد |
John Caldwell Calhoun مارس 18, 1782 Abbeville, South Carolina, U.S. |
| توفي | مارس 31, 1850 (عن عمر 68 عاماً) Washington, D.C., U.S. |
| المدفن | St. Philip's Church |
| الحزب |
Democratic-Republican (Before 1828) Nullifier (1828–1839) Democratic (1839–1850) |
| الزوج | Floride Bonneau (ز. 1811) |
| الأنجال | 10, including Anna Maria Calhoun Clemson |
| الوالدان |
Patrick Calhoun Martha Caldwell |
| التعليم |
Yale University Litchfield Law School |
| التوقيع | |
John Caldwell Calhoun ( //; March 18, 1782نطقب:SndsMarch 31, 1850) was an American statesman and political theorist from South Carolina, and the seventh Vice President of the United States from 1825 to 1832. He is remembered for strongly defending slavery and for advancing the concept of minority rights in politics, which he did in the context of defending white Southern interests from perceived Northern threats. He began his political career as a nationalist, modernizer, and proponent of a strong national government and protective tariffs. By the late 1820s, his views reversed and he became a leading proponent of states' rights, limited government, nullification, and opposition to high tariffs—he saw Northern acceptance of these policies as the only way to keep the South in the Union. His beliefs and warnings heavily influenced the South's secession from the Union in 1860–1861.
Calhoun began his political career with election to the House of Representatives in 1810. As a prominent leader of the war hawk faction, Calhoun strongly supported the War of 1812 to defend American honor against British infractions of American independence and neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars. He then served as Secretary of War under President James Monroe, and in this position reorganized and modernized the War Department. Calhoun was a candidate for the presidency in the 1824 election. After failing to gain support, he let his name be put forth as a candidate for vice president. The Electoral College elected Calhoun for vice president by an overwhelming majority. He served under John Quincy Adams and continued under Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in the election of 1828.
Calhoun had a difficult relationship with Jackson primarily due to the Nullification Crisis and the Petticoat affair. In contrast with his previous nationalism, Calhoun vigorously supported South Carolina's right to nullify federal tariff legislation he believed unfairly favored the North, putting him into conflict with unionists such as Jackson. In 1832, with only a few months remaining in his second term, he resigned as vice president and entered the Senate. He sought the Democratic nomination for the presidency in 1844, but lost to surprise nominee James K. Polk, who went on to become president. Calhoun served as Secretary of State under John Tyler from 1844 to 1845. As Secretary of State, he supported the annexation of Texas as a means to extend the slave power, and helped settle the Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. He then returned to the Senate, where he opposed the Mexican–American War, the Wilmot Proviso, and the Compromise of 1850 before his death in 1850. Calhoun often served as a virtual party-independent who variously aligned as needed with Democrats and Whigs.
Later in life, Calhoun became known as the "cast-iron man" for his rigid defense of white Southern beliefs and practices. His concept of republicanism emphasized approval of slavery and minority rights, as particularly embodied by the Southern states—he owned "dozens of slaves in Fort Hill, South Carolina". Calhoun also asserted that slavery, rather than being a "necessary evil", was a "positive good", benefiting both slaves and slave owners. To protect minority rights against majority rule, he called for a concurrent majority whereby the minority could sometimes block proposals that it felt infringed on their liberties. To this end, Calhoun supported states' rights and nullification, through which states could declare null and void federal laws that they viewed as unconstitutional. Calhoun was one of the "Great Triumvirate" or the "Immortal Trio" of Congressional leaders, along with his Congressional colleagues Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. In 1957, a Senate Committee headed by Senator John F. Kennedy selected Calhoun as one of the five greatest United States Senators of all time.
ذكراه
انظر أيضاً
- List of places named for John C. Calhoun
- List of United States Congress members who died in office (1790–1899)
المراجع
- ^ "Calhoun, John C." Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved May 29, 2016.
- ^ Coit 1950, pp. 70–71.
- ^ Miller 1996, pp. 115–116.
- ^ Ford 1988, pp. 405–424.
-
^ Wilson, Clyde. (June 26, 2014). "John C. Calhoun and Slavery as a 'Positive Good': What He Said". The Abbeville Institute. Retrieved June 6, 2016. Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
|publisher=(help) - ^ ". United States Senate. March 12, 1959. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
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^ ". United States Senate. Retrieved February 13, 2017. Italic or bold markup not allowed in:
|publisher=(help)
Bibliography
Secondary sources
- Ashworth, John (1995). . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Barney, William L. (2011). . Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Bartlett, Irving (1994). . New York: W. W. Norton, Incorporated. ISBN .
- Baskin, Darryl (1969). "The Pluralist Vision of John C. Calhoun". Polity. 2 (1): 49–65. doi:10.2307/3234088. JSTOR 3234088.
- Belko, William S. (2004). "John C. Calhoun and the Creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs: An Essay on Political Rivalry, Ideology, and Policymaking in the Early Republic". South Carolina Historical Magazine. 105 (3): 170–197. JSTOR 27570693.
- Borneman, Walter R. (2009). . New York: Random House. ISBN .
- Brands, H. W. (2005). . New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN .
- Capers, Gerald M. (1960). . 14. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
- Cheathem, Mark Renfred (2008). . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN .
- Cheek, H. Lee (2004). . Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN .
- Coit, Margaret L. (1950). . Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. ISBN .
- Crallé, R.K., ed. (1888). "Report Prepared for the Committee on Federal Relations of the Legislature of South Carolina, at its Session in November, 1831". The Works of John C. Calhoun. Vol. VI. D. Appleton.
- Douglas, Bradburn (2009). . Charlottesville, Virginia: University of Virginia Press. ISBN .
- Durham, David I. (2008). . Baton Rouge: LSU Press. ISBN .
- Ellis, James H. (2009). . New York: Algora Publishing. ISBN .
- Fehrenbacher, Don Edward (1981). . Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Foner, Eric (1995). . Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Ford, Lacy K., Jr (1988). "Republican Ideology in a Slave Society: The Political Economy of John C. Calhoun". Journal of Southern History. 54 (3). JSTOR 2208996.
- Ford, Lacy K., Jr (1994). "Inventing the Concurrent Majority: Madison, Calhoun, and the Problem of Majoritarianism in American Political Thought". Journal of Southern History. 60 (1). JSTOR 2210719.
- Freehling, William W. (1965). "Spoilsmen and Interests in the Thought and Career of John C. Calhoun". Journal of American History. 52: 25–42. doi:10.2307/1901122. JSTOR 1901122.
- Hofstadter, Richard (2011). "John C. Calhoun: The Marx of the Master Class". . New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. ISBN .
- Holt, Michael F. (2004). The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN .
- Howe, Daniel Walker (2007). What Hath God Wrought: the Transformation of America, 1815–1848. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press.
- Jervey, Theodore Dehon (1909). . New York: The MacMillan Company.
- Jewell, Malcolm E. (2015). . Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN .
- Jewett, James C. (1908). "The United States Congress of 1817 and Some of its Celebrities". The William and Mary Quarterly. 17 (2): 139. doi:10.2307/1916057. ISSN 0043-5597. JSTOR 1916057.
- Kateb, George (1969). "The Majority Principle: Calhoun and His Antecedents". Political Science Quarterly. 84 (4): 583–605. doi:10.2307/2147126. JSTOR 2147126.
- Kirk, Russell (2001). . Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing. ISBN .
- Langguth, A. J. (2006). . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
- May, Gary (2008). . New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN .
- Marszalek, John F. (2000) [1997]. . Baton Rouge: LSU Press. ISBN .
- Meigs, William Montgomery (1917). . Washington D.C.: Neale Publishing Company.
- Merk, Frederick (1978). History of the Westward Movement. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. ISBN .
- Merry, Robert W. (2009). . New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN .
- Miller, William Lee (1996). Arguing About Slavery. John Quincy Adams and the Great Battle in the United States Congress. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN .
- Niven, John (1988). . Baton Rouge: LSU Press. ISBN .
- Parton, James (1860). . New York: Mason Brothers. OCLC 3897681.
- Perkins, Bradford (1961). . Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN .
- Perman, Michael (2012). . LSU Press. ISBN .
- Peterson, Merrill D. (1988). Great Triumvirate: Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN .
- Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell (1929). "Calhoun, John Caldwell, 1782–1850". Dictionary of American Biography. 3. Scribner. pp. 411–419.
- Prucha, Francis Paul (1997). . Oakland, California: University of California Press. ISBN .
- Remini, Robert V. (1981). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. ISBN .
- Remini, Robert V. (1984). Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy, 1833–1845. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc. ISBN .
- Rosen, Jeffrey (2007). . New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN .
- Russell, Robert R. (1966). "Constitutional Doctrines with Regard to Slavery in Territories". Journal of Southern History. 32 (4): 466–486. doi:10.2307/2204926. JSTOR 2204926.
- Rutland, Robert Allen (1997). . Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press. ISBN .
- Satz, Ronald N. (1974). . Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN .
- Stagg, J. C. A. (2012). . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .
- Varon, Elizabeth R. (2008). . Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN .
- von Holst, Hermann E. (1883). John C. Calhoun. Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company.
- Wilentz, Sean (2006). . New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN .
- Wiltse, Charles M. (1944). John C. Calhoun, Nationalist, 1782–1828. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Company. ISBN .
Primary sources
- Calhoun, John Caldwell (1837). .
- Calhoun, John C. (1870). Crallé, Richard K. (ed.). . New York: D. Appleton & Company.
- Calhoun, John C. (1992). Lence, Ross M. (ed.). Union and Liberty: The Political Philosophy of John C. Calhoun. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund. ISBN .
- Calhoun, John Caldwell; Post, Charles Gordon (1995). . Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing. ISBN .
- Calhoun, John C. (1999). Wilson, Clyde N. (ed.). . Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. ISBN .
- Calhoun, John C. (2003). Wilson, Clyde N. (ed.). The Papers of John C. Calhoun, vol. 27. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press.
- Calhoun, John C. (2003). Cheek, Lee H. (ed.). John C. Calhoun: Selected Writings and Speeches. Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing. ISBN .
للاستزادة
- Boucher, Chauncey S.; Brooks, Robert P., eds. (1931). "Correspondence Addressed to John C. Calhoun, 1837–1849". Annual Report of the American Historical Association, 1929.
- Brown, Guy Story (2000). Calhoun's Philosophy of Politics: A Study of A Disquisition on Government. Mercer, Georgia: Mercer University Press.
- Capers, Gerald M. (1948). "A Reconsideration of Calhoun's Transition from Nationalism to Nullification". Journal of Southern History. 14 (1): 34–48. JSTOR 2197709.
- Calhoun, John C. (2017). Beck, Juergen (ed.). . Jazzybee Verlag. ISBN .
- Calhoun, John C. (2017). Beck, Juergen (ed.). . Jazzybee Verlag. ISBN .
- Calhoun, John C.. "Slavery a Positive Good" United States Senate (February 6, 1837).
- Coit, Margaret L., ed. (1970). John C. Calhoun: Great Lives Observed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Excerpts from scholars.
- Current, Richard N. (1966). John C. Calhoun. New York: Simon & Schuster.
- Fitzgerald, Michael S. (1996). "Rejecting Calhoun's Expansible Army Plan: the Army Reduction Act of 1821". War in History. 3 (2): 161–185. doi:10.1177/096834459600300202.
- Ford, Lacy K. (1988). "Recovering the republic: Calhoun, South Carolina, and the concurrent majority". South Carolina Historical Magazine. 89 (3): 146–159. JSTOR 27568041.
- Grove, John G. (2014). "Binding the Republic Together: The Early Political Thought of John C. Calhoun". South Carolina Historical Magazine. 115 (2): 100–121.
- Gutzman, Kevin (2002). "Paul to Jeremiah: Calhoun's Abandonment of Nationalism". The Journal of Libertarian Studies. 16 (3): 33.
- Jarvis, Douglas Edward (2013). "The Southern Conservative Thought of John C. Calhoun and the Cultural Foundations of the Canadian Identity". American Review of Canadian Studies. 43 (3): 297–314. doi:10.1080/02722011.2013.819584.
- Krannawitter, Thomas L. (2008). Vindicating Lincoln: Defending the Politics of Our Greatest President. Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN .
- Kuic, V (1983). "John C. Calhoun's Theory of the Concurrent Majority". American Bar Association Journal. 69: 482.
- Lerner, Ralph. (1963). "Calhoun's New Science of Politics". American Political Science Review. 57 (4): 918–932. doi:10.2307/1952609. JSTOR 1952609.
- McBride, Fred. (1997). "Strange Bedfellows: The Political Thought of John C. Calhoun and Lani Guinier". Journal of Black Political Research.
- Merriam, Charles E. (1902). "The Political Theory of Calhoun". American Journal of Sociology. 7 (5): 577–594. doi:10.1086/211084. JSTOR 2762212.
- Polin, Constance; Polin, Raymond (2006). . Switzerland: Peter Lang. ISBN .
- Preyer, Norris W. (1959). "Southern Support of the Tariff of 1816 – a Reappraisal". Journal of Southern History. 25 (3): 306–322. doi:10.2307/2954765. JSTOR 2954765.
- Rayback, Joseph G. (1948). "The Presidential Ambitions of John C. Calhoun, 1844–1848". Journal of Southern History. XIV (3): 331–56. doi:10.2307/2197879. JSTOR 2197879.
- Read, James H. (2009). Majority rule versus consensus: the political thought of John C. Calhoun. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.
- Smith, Henry Augustus Middleton (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). دائرة المعارف البريطانية. 5 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- Vajda, Zoltan (2001). "John C. Calhoun's Republicanism Revisited". Rhetoric & Public Affairs. 4 (3): 433–457. doi:10.1353/rap.2001.0056.
- Vajda, Zoltán (2013). "Complicated Sympathies: John C. Calhoun's Sentimental Union and the South". South Carolina Historical Magazine. 114 (3): 210–230. JSTOR 23645453.
- Walters, Jr., Raymond (1945). "The Origins of the Second Bank of the United States". Journal of Political Economy. 53 (2): 115–131. doi:10.1086/256246. JSTOR 1825049.
- Wilentz, Sean (2008). The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. New York: W.W. Norton and Company.
- Wiltse, Charles M. (1948). . Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
- Wiltse, Charles M. (1951). John C. Calhoun, Sectionalist, 1840–1850. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
- Wiltse, Charles M. (1941). "Calhoun's Democracy". Journal of Politics. 3 (2): 210–223. doi:10.2307/2125432. JSTOR 2125432.
- Wood, W. Kirk (2009). "History and Recovery of the Past: John C. Calhoun and the Origins of Nullification in South Carolina, 1819–1828". Southern Studies. 16: 46–68.
وصلات خارجية
- أعمال من جون كالهون في مشروع گوتنبرگ
-
Works by جون كالهون at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- خطأ لوا في وحدة:Internet_Archive على السطر 573: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
- John C. Calhoun: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress
- University of Virginia: John C. Calhoun – Timeline, quotes, & contemporaries, via University of Virginia
- Other images via The College of New Jersey: [1], [2], [3]
- Birthplace of Calhoun Historical Marker
- The Law Offices of John C. Calhoun Monument
- Disquisition on Government and other papers by John Calhoun.
- United States Congress. "John C. Calhoun (id: C000044) Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
- , August 16, 1994.
- John C. Calhoun Papers at Clemson University's Special Collections Library
- 2015 petition to Charleston City Council to change the name of Calhoun Street
نطقب:Wikimedia
| مجلس النواب الأمريكي | ||
|---|---|---|
| سبقه Joseph Calhoun |
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from South Carolina's 6th congressional district 1811–1817 |
تبعه Eldred Simkins |
| مناصب سياسية | ||
| سبقه William H. Crawford |
United States Secretary of War 1817–1825 |
تبعه James Barbour |
| سبقه Daniel D. Tompkins |
Vice President of the United States 1825–1832 |
تبعه Martin Van Buren |
| سبقه Abel P. Upshur |
United States Secretary of State 1844–1845 |
تبعه James Buchanan |
| مناصب حزبية | ||
| سبقه Daniel D. Tompkins |
Democratic-Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States¹ 1824 خدم بجانب: Albert Gallatin (withdrew), Nathaniel Macon, Nathan Sanford |
Position abolished |
| حزب جديد |
Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1828 |
تبعه Martin Van Buren |
| مجلس الشيوخ الأمريكي | ||
| سبقه Robert Y. Hayne |
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from South Carolina 1832–1843 خدم بجانب: Stephen Miller, William C. Preston, George McDuffie |
تبعه Daniel Elliott Huger |
| سبقه Daniel Elliott Huger |
U.S. Senator (Class 2) from South Carolina 1845–1850 خدم بجانب: George McDuffie, Andrew Butler |
تبعه Franklin H. Elmore |
| سبقه Levi Woodbury |
Chair of the Senate Finance Committee 1845–1846 |
تبعه Dixon Hall Lewis |
| Notes and references | ||
| 1. The Democratic-Republican Party split in the 1824 election, fielding four separate candidates. | ||
نطقب:SenFinanceCommitteeChairs
نطقب:Clemson University
