كليانثس
| Cleanthes | |
|---|---|
| وُلـِد | c. 330 BC Assos |
| توفي | c. 230 BC Athens |
| العصر | Ancient philosophy |
| المنطقة | Greek philosophy |
| المدرسة | Stoicism |
الاهتمامات الرئيسية |
Physics, Ethics |
التأثر
| |
التأثير
| |
Cleanthes ( //; باليونانية: Κλεάνθης Kleanthēs; c. 330 BC – c. 230 BC), of Assos, was a Greek Stoic philosopher and successor to Zeno of Citium as the second head (scholarch) of the Stoic school in Athens. Originally a boxer, he came to Athens where he took up philosophy, listening to Zeno's lectures. He supported himself by working as a water-carrier at night. After the death of Zeno, c. 262 BC, he became the head of the school, a post he held for the next 32 years. Cleanthes successfully preserved and developed Zeno's doctrines. He originated new ideas in Stoic physics, and developed Stoicism in accordance with the principles of materialism and pantheism. Among the fragments of Cleanthes' writings which have come down to us, the largest is a Hymn to Zeus. His pupil was Chrysippus who became one of the most important Stoic thinkers.
Life
Cleanthes was born in Assos in the Troad about 330 BC. According to Diogenes Laërtius, he was the son of Phanias, and early in life he was a boxer. With but four drachmae in his possession he came to Athens, where he took up philosophy, listening first to the lectures of Crates the Cynic, and then to those of Zeno, the Stoic. In order to support himself, he worked all night as water-carrier to a gardener (hence his nickname the Well-Water-Collector, باليونانية: Φρεάντλης). As he spent the whole day in studying philosophy with no visible means of support, he was summoned before the Areopagus to account for his way of living. The judges were so delighted by the evidence of work which he produced, that they voted him ten minae, though Zeno would not permit him to accept them. His power of patient endurance, or perhaps his slowness, earned him the title of "the Ass" from his fellow students, a name which he was said to have rejoiced in, as it implied that his back was strong enough to bear whatever Zeno put upon it.
الفيزياء
Modern influence
José Enrique Rodó tells us in his famous essay Ariel that Cleanthes, while performing his night work, sculpted in rocks teachings from Zeno. In this book, Cleanthes is depicted as an inspirational symbol of double activity, utilitarian/material and profound/transcendent too.
Notes
- ^ According to Apollodorus as quoted by Philodemus, Cleanthes was born in Aristophanes' archonship (331/0 BC) and died in Jason's Archonship (230/29 BC). Pseudo-Lucian, Valerius Maximus, and Censorinus say that Cleanthes lived to the age of 99 (although Diogenes Laërtius says he died at the age of 80.) Dorandi prefers an age of 101. For more information see Dorandi 1999, p. 38.
- ^ "until his death at the same age as Zeno according to some authorities" (Laërtius 1925, § 168–176).
- ^ Laërtius 1925, § 168–176
- ^ Suda, Cleanthes
References
- Dorandi, Tiziano (1999), "Chapter 2: Chronology", in Algra, Keimpe, The Cambridge History of Hellenistic Philosophy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 38, ISBN 9780521250283
- Davidson, William Leslie (1907), The Stoic Creed, Clark, https://archive.org/details/thestoiccreed00daviuoft
- Cleanthes' Hymn to Zeus, 1976, Archived from the original on 2007-12-24, https://web.archive.org/web/20071224143142/http://www.utexas.edu/courses/citylife/readings/cleanthes_hymn.html
- Hicks, Robert Drew (1910), Stoic and Epicurean, C. Scribner, https://archive.org/details/stoicandepicurea00colluoft
- نطقب:Cite LotEP
- "'Cleanthes' Hymn to Zeus", The Teaching of Epictetus: Being the 'Encheiridion of Epictetus', with Selections from the 'Dissertations' and 'Fragments' (2nd ed.), London: Walter Scott, Ltd., 1890, pp. 1-1, note 1 on p. 129, https://archive.org/details/teachingofepicte00epicuoft
- Russo, Lucio; Medaglia, Silvio M. (1996), "Sulla presunta accusa di empietà ad Aristarco di Samo", Quaderni urbinati di cultura classica, New Series 53 (Fabrizio Serra Editore) 82: 113–121, doi:
- Stock, St. George William Joseph (1908), Stoicism, Constable, https://archive.org/details/stoicism00stocuoft
للاستزادة
- Hume, David, Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, in which "Cleanthes" is a character
- Meijer P. A., (2008), Stoic theology. Proofs for the existence of the cosmic god and of the traditional gods. Including a commentary on Cleanthes' Hymn on Zeus. Delft, Eburon.
- Pearson, A., (1891), . Greek/Latin fragments with English commentary.
- Thom, J., (2005), Cleanthes' Hymn to Zeus: Text, Translation, and Commentary. Mohr Siebeck. ISBN 3-16-148660-9.
وصلات خارجية
- Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . دائرة المعارف البريطانية (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press.
- خطأ لوا في وحدة:Internet_Archive على السطر 573: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).
-
Works by كليانثس at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- "Bibliography for Cleanthes" at "A Hellenistic Bibliography", compiled by Martine Cuypers, Trinity College Dublin.
| سبقه زينون الرواقي |
زعيم مدرسة المشائين 262–230 ق.م. |
تبعه خريسيپوس |
