Early Roman Empire with some ethnic names in and around Germania
هذه قائمة القبائل الجرمانية وتضم أسماء التجمعات الناطقة باللغات الجرمانية أوأنها تُعتبر جرمانية في مصادر من أواخر الألفية الأولى ق.م. إلى مطلع الألفية الثانية بعد الميلاد. وتلك القبائل التي تناهز الثلاثمائة لا تمثل بالضرورة جماعات متزامنة أومتميزة أوناطقة بلغة جرمانية أوتتشارك في سلف مشهجر. وبعضهم ينطبق عليه مفهوم قبيلة. Others are confederations or even unions of tribes. Some may not have spoken Germanic at all, but were bundled by the sources with the Germanic speakers. Some were undoubtedly of mixed culture. They may have assimilated to Germanic or to other cultures from Germanic.
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
أدوگيت
Jordanes، گتيكا، III.19-21
Two possibilities:
1. *Ādogii < *Andogii
2. *Hálogi
شمال النرويج، كلا الاحتمالين:
1. Hålogaland's Germanic people
2. Vesterålen's Germanic People
Two possible modern reflexes:
1. Andō, an island and part of Vesterålen
2. Háleygir, people of Hålogaland
Aelvaeones
بطليموس، Geography، 2.11.9
Ailouaiones, Helvaeonae, Helveconae، Helvecones
Language unknown, possibly Old Prussian، possibly Germanic. Two possible locations:
1. Prussia، formerly German, now Polish, around Elbing
2. Silesia، formerly German, now Polish, as one of تاكيتوس' Lugii
Possibly Elblag, Poland
Aeragnaricii
Jordanes
Possible scribal error for ac ragnaricii ("and the Ragnaricii")
Around modern-day Viken
Ahelmil
Jordanes
Ancient inhabitants of Halmstad
Alemanni
Cassius Dio
In 213 CE, the Alemanni dwelt in the basin of the Main، to the south of the Chatti. They captured the Agri Decumates in 260 CE, and later expanded into present-day Alsace and northern Switzerland.
Ambrones
پلوتارخ
Island of Amrum، Nordfriesland. In the late 2nd century BC, Germanic Cimbri, Teutons and Ambrones invaded the Roman Republic.
Ampsivarii
تاكيتوس، Annales (13.54,56)
Ampsivari
Around the middle of the river Ems، which flows into the North Sea، at the Dutch-German border. Most likely they lived between the Bructeri minores (located at the delta of the Yssel) and the Bructeri maiores that were living south of them at the end of the Ems.
Angles
تاكيتوس، جرمانيا
Anglii, Angli, English; part of the Suebi
Angeln، an area located on the Baltic shore of what is now Schleswig-Holstein، the most northern state of Germany؛ settled in Britain after Roman withdrawal.
Engern، a region west of the Weser river not far from Teutoburg Forest، and also (probably by extension) in Angeron of Münster؛ Angria، Angaria, Angeriensis, Aggerimensis, or Engaria
Arochi
Jordanes، Getica
Possibly related to the Hǫrðar
Scandza, modern-day النرويج
Atuatuci
Julius Caesar، Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Aduatuci; descended from the Cimbri وTeutones؛ possibly contributed to the late Roman-era tribal grouping known as the Tungri
Originated in the area of Denmark؛ allowed to settle amongst the Germanic tribes living in east Belgium.
Augandzi
Jordanes، Getica
Augandii, Egðir
Scandza
Avarpi
بطليموس، الجغرافيا
Auarpoi, Avarni
Pommern/Propommern region; next to the Teutonikai and between the Sueboi and the Farodeinoi
Aviones
تاكيتوس، جرمانيا، 40؛ Widsith
Auiones, Eowan
Either in the southern Jutland Peninsula or on Öland.
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
Baemi
بطليموس، الجغرافيا
Baimoi
North side of the Danube, near the Luna forest، and the Quadi، and with the Gambreta forest of the Marcomanni to their northwest. This would place them in or around modern Slovakia، Moravia، وLower Austria.
Baetasi
پلني الأكبر، Naturalis Historia; تاكيتوس
Betasii
Germania Inferior (later Germania Secunda), west of the Rhine. Exact location is still unknown, although two proposals are: first, that it might be the source of the name of the Belgian village of Geetbets؛ and second, that it might be further east, nearer to the Sunuci with whom they interacted in the Batavian revolt، and to the Cugerni who lived at Xanten. The area of Gennep، Goch، وGeldern has been proposed for example.
Banochaemae
Claudius Ptolemy، الجغرافيا
Baenochaemae, Bainochaimai, Bonochamae; name derived from "Boii"
Near the Elbe river، east of the Melibokus mountains (probably not the modern Melibokus, but rather the Harz mountains, the Thüringerwald، or both. This is in turn north of the Askiburgium mountains (probably the modern Sudetes) and the Lugi Buri، which are in turn north of the source of the Vistula river. This position may be north of both modern Bohemia and modern Bavaria.
Equivalent to the modern term "Bohemian"
Bastarnae
پلني الأكبر، بطليموس، Strabo، Polybius، Cassius Dio، Gaius Valerius Flaccus
Bastarni, Basternae, Olbioniten, Peucini
A Germanic tribe from Vistula, mostly in Alliance with sarmatian Roxolani and Dacians (under Burebista). Their homelands was Pomerania or Prussia. Migrated south to present day Moldavia، also occupying the Danube Delta with Peuce Island. They have inhabited lوMoldavia just north of the Carpathian Mountains as well. Her Graves between Sereth and Prut (Sântana de Mureș). Ca. 106 BC after a rebellion in Neapolis. they builded a Skythian Kingdom around Olbia unter Palakus وSkilurus beside the rest of Dacian ruled Costoboci in West, southwest Zalmoxis(Getea) and Mithridates VI of Pontus in East. Ca. 300 AD defeated by Goths. Often invaded the Roman Empire alongside the Dacian (e.g. Dionysopolis 48 BC) and Thervingi Goths around 360 BC.
Batavi
Julius Caesar، Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Around the Rhine delta, in the area that the Romans called Batavia.
Batini
Claudius Ptolemy
Bateinoi
"Above" (normally north in Ptolemy) the Banochaemae tribe, who were settled near the upper Elbe، and "below" (presumably south of) the Askibourgion mountain. Near the point where modern ألمانيا، Poland، and the Czech Republic meet (modern Bautzen in ساكسونيا).
Bavarii
Baiuvarii
Bohemian Forest
Bergio
Brisgavi
Ammianus Marcellinus
Brisigavi
Black Forest in south ألمانيا
Brondings
Probably the Swedish island of Brännö، west of Västergötland in the Kattegatt.
Bructeri
تاكيتوس؛ Strabo
Northwestern ألمانيا؛ present-day North Rhine-Westphalia. Their territory included both sides of the upper Ems (Latin Amisia) وLippe (Latin Luppia) rivers. At its greatest extent, their territory apparently stretched between the vicinities of the Rhine in the west and the Teutoburg Forest وWeser river in the east. In late Roman times, they moved south to settle upon the east bank of the Rhine facing Cologne, an area later known as the kingdom of the Ripuarian Franks.
Burgundiones
Pliny (IV.28)
Boergondians, Burgundians
May have emigrated from mainlوScandinavia to the Baltic island of Bornholm، and from there to the Vistula basin, in the middle of modern Poland. A part of the Boergondian tribes migrated further westward, where they may have participated in the 406 Crossing of the Rhine، after which they settled in the Rhine Valley and established the Kingdom of the Burgundians. Another group of Boergondians stayed in their previous homeland in the Oder-Vistula basin and formed a contingent in Attila's Hunnic army by 451.
Buri
تاكيتوس، Germania; بطليموس
Lougoi Bouroi (Lugi Buri)
Northern Carpathians؛ southern Poland between the Elbe، the modern Sudetes، and the upper Vistula. A contingent of the Buri accompanied the Suebi in their invasion of the Iberian Peninsula and established themselves in Gallaecia (modern northern Portugal وGalicia) in the 5th century. They settled in the region between the rivers Cávado وHomem، in the area known as Terras de Bouro (Lands of the Buri).
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
Caeroesi
Julius Caesar، Commentaries on the Gallic Wars
Caeraesi, Ceroesi, Cerosi
Belgic Gaul
Calucones
پلني الأكبر، Naturalis Historia (3.24)؛ بطليموس، Geography (2.10)
Kaloukones
On either side of the Elbe، "below" (north of?) the Silingae or Silesians
Canninefates
تاكيتوس، Histories (Book iv [1])
Canninefates, Caninefates, Canenefatae
In the Rhine delta, on the western part of the Batavian Island (province of Germania Inferior، currently Betuwe in the western part of the Netherlands)؛ the capital of the civitas of the Cananefates was Forum Hadriani، modern Voorburg.
Casuari
Caritni
بطليموس، (2.10)
Karitnoi
West Bavaria
Chaedini
بطليموس،
Chaideinoi, Khaideinoi
Scandia (Scandinavia)
Chaemae
بطليموس
Possibly Banochaemae and/or Chamavi
Next to the Bructeri (north of the Lower Rhine)
Chaetuori
Chali
بطليموس
Khaloi, Chaloi
Jutland
Chamavi
تاكيتوس، جرمانيا
North of the Lower Rhine
Charudes
Julius Caesar؛ بطليموس،
Harudes
East coast of the Cimbrian peninsula (modern Jutland).
Chasuarii
تاكيتوس، جرمانيا; Claudius Ptolemy
To the east and north of the Rhine، near the modern river Hase، which feeds into the Ems؛ near modern Osnabruck؛ between the Ems وWeser Rivers.
Chattuarii
Velleius Paterculus؛ Strabo؛ Ammianus Marcellinus
Attoarii; subject to the Franks
Across the Rhine from Xanten. Some of them (laeti) were also settled in Roman Gaul (south of Langres) in the 3rd century.
Chauci
پلني الأكبر؛ تاكيتوس
Merged into the Saxons in the 3rd century CE
Low-lying region between the Rivers Ems وElbe، on both sides of the Weser، and ranging as far inland as the upper Weser.
Cherusci
Plains and forests of northwestern Germany, in the area possibly near present-day Hannover.
Chatti
Strabo؛ تاكيتوس؛ پلني الأكبر، Natural History
Chatthi, Catti; Batavians were an offshoot; part of the Hermunduri؛ possibly part of the Suebi
Central and northern Hesse and southern Lower Saxony، along the upper reaches of the Weser River and in the valleys and mountains of the Eder، Fulda، and Weser River regions, a district approximately corresponding to Hesse-Kassel، though probably somewhat more extensive.
Cimbri
middle Jutland
Cobandi
بطليموس، Geography (2.10)
Kobandoi
Jutland
Condrusi
Julius Caesar، Commentarii de Bello Gallico
Belgae
Belgium؛ the region now known as Condroz (named after them), between Liège وNamur. The terrain is wooded hills on the northeastern edge of the Ardennes.
Corconti
بطليموس، Geography
Korkontoi
Resided in the vicinity of Asciburgius Mountain somewhere near the sources of the Vistula. Asciburgius was on the edge of the modern Sudetes range; closest neighbours were the Lugi Buri.
Cugerni
Curiones
D
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التنويعات
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الاسم المعاصر
Danduti
Dani
Jordanes, Getica; پروكوپيوس؛ Gregory of Tours
Danes
Scandza (Southern Scandinavia)
Dauciones
بطليموس
Daukiones
Scandia (Scandinavia)؛ possibly near the Goths.
Diduni
Claudius Ptolemy
Dunii; subjects of the Lugii
Near the Asciburgius mountains in what is now central and southern Poland.
Dulgubnii
تاكيتوس، جرمانيا; بطليموس
Doulgoumnioi
Northern central Germany, near the Weser River; north of the Angrivarii وChamavi، near the Chasuarii، south of the Chauci.
E
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
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الاسم المعاصر
Eburones
Julius Caesar، Commentaries on the Gallic Wars
Possibly the later Tungri
Northeast of Gaul، in what is now the southern Netherlands, eastern Belgium, and the German Rhineland، in the period immediately before this region was conquered by Rome.
Eudoses
تاكيتوس
Possibly the later Iutae (Jutes)
North of Jutland
Eunixi
Evagres
Jordanes
Possibly Bohuslän
F
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
Favonae
بطليموس، الجغرافيا
Phauonai
Eastern Scandia (Scandinavia)
Fervir
Jordanes
Fjäre Hundred
Firaesi
بطليموس، الجغرافيا
Phiraisoi
Eastern Scandia (Scandinavia)
Fosii
Frisiavones
Frisii
Low-lying region between the Zuiderzee and the River Ems.
Frisians
Fundusi
G
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
Gambrivii
Geats
بطليموس؛ Jordanes؛ پروكوپيوس
Goutai, Gautoi, Gautar, Gēatas, Gautigoths
What is now Götaland ("land of the Geats") in modern Sweden.
Gepidae
Augustan History; Jordanes؛ پروكوپيوس
Gepids, Gifþas; closely related to/subdivision of the Goths
The Gepids are thought to have migrated (along with the Goths) from Scandinavia to the Vistula River, and then onward into Dacia around 260 CE. After being driven out of their homeland in 504 CE by Theodoric the Great, the Gepids settled in the rich area around Singidunum (modern Belgrade).
Grannii
Greuthungi
Jordanes
Greuthungs, Greutungi, Chernyakhov Culture؛ من الممكن القوط الشرقيون في الأعوام الأخيرة؛ جماعة فرعية من القوط
Gutes
Gutasaga
Gotlanders
Originated in Gotland؛ due to overpopulation, some migrated south up the river Dvina into the area near the Black Sea
القوط
H
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
Hallin
Jordanes
Harii
تاكيتوس، جرمانيا
Hasdingi
Subjects of the Vandals
Originating in today's southern Poland، western Ukraine، Slovakia، وHungary، the Hasdingi were part of the migratory movements of the Vandals, into the Iberian peninsula ولاحقاً إلى شمال أفريقيا.
Helisii
تاكيتوس، جرمانيا
Subjects of the Lugii
Probably eastern Germany/modern Poland.
Helveconae
Helveconae, Helvaeonae, Helvecones, Aelvaeones, Ailouaiones; possibly subjects of the Lugii؛ possibly connected to the Hilleviones.
Silesia area (modern پولندا)
Hermunduri
Hermunduri, Hermanduri, Hermunduli, Hermonduri, Hermonduli; possibly forebears of the Thuringii.
Near/east of the Elbe river، around what is now Thuringia، Bohemia، ساكسونيا (في ألمانيا الشرقية)، وFranconia in northern Bavaria. At times, they apparently moved to the Danube frontier with Rome.
Heruli
Jordanes؛ پروكوپيوس
Migrated from Scandinavia to the Black Sea in the third century CE.
Hilleviones
پلني الأكبر، Naturalis Historia
Scatinavia (thought to be Scandinavia)
huns
I
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
Ingriones
Ingvaeones
پلني؛ تاكيتوس، جرمانيا
Ingaevones; by the 1st century BCE, they had become differentiated (to a foreigner's eye) into the Frisii، Saxons، Jutes وAngles.
ساحل بحر الشمال في مناطق Jutland، Holstein، Frisia، والجزر الدنماركية.
Intuergi
Irminones
تاكيتوس، جرمانيا; Pomponius Mela؛ پلني، Natural History
Herminones, Hermiones
Interior of Germany; after initially settling in the Elbe watershed, they expanded into Bavaria، سوابيا، وBohemia by the 1st century CE.
Jutland Peninsula (called Iutum in Latin) and part of the North Frisian coast; Modern Denmark.
Juthungi
Publius Herennius Dexippus؛ Ammianus Marcellinus
North of the rivers Danube وAltmühl in the modern German state of Bavaria.
L
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
Lacringi
Danube River border of the ancient Roman Empire in the time of Marcus Aurelius.
Landi
Lemovii
تاكيتوس؛ Jordanes؛ بطليموس
Possibly Oksywie culture، Plöwen group، Dębczyn group، Glommas, Turcilingi، Rhoutikleioi، Leuonoi، Leonas؛ associated with the Rugii
Pomerania (modern Poland)
Lentieneses
Levoni
Langobardes
Paul the Deacon، Historia Langobardorum
Lombards, descended from Winnili
Dwelt in southern Scandinavia (Scadanan) before migrating to seek new lands. In the 1st century CE, they formed part of the Suebi in northwestern ألمانيا. By the end of the 5th century, they had moved into the area roughly coinciding with modern Austria north of the Danube river. After defeating the Gepids at the Battle of Asfeld in 567, Alboin led the Langobardes to Italy, which had become severely depopulated after the long Gothic War (535–554) بين الامبراطورية البيزنطية ومملكة القوط الشرقيين هناك.
ليوثيدا
Lugii
Lugi, Lygii, Ligii, Lugiones, Lygians, Ligians, Lugians, Lougoi; possibly the Przeworsk culture and/or the Vandals
Central Europe, north of the Sudetes mountains in the basin of upper Oder وVistula rivers, covering most of modern south and middle Poland (regions of Silesia، Greater Poland، Mazovia وLittle Poland).
M
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
مانيمي
تاكيتوس، جرمانيا
Subjects of the Lugii; possibly the Atmonoi (a branch of the Basternes) and/or Lougoi Omanoi
Subjects of the Lugii; possibly the same as the Silingi
Between the Oder and the Vistula
Naharvali، Narisci or Naristi، Nemetes، Nertereanes، Nervii (possibly not Germanic), Njars، Nuitones
O
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
القوط الشرقيون
Greuthungs, Greuthungi, Greutungi
Migrating southward from the Baltic Sea, the Greutungi built up a huge empire stretching from the Dniester to the Volga River and from the Black Sea to the Baltic shores. بعد حتى أخضعهم الهون حوالي سنة 370 م، لم نسمع كثيراً عن القوط الشرقيين لنحو80 عاماً، وبعدها عاودوا الظهور في پانونيا في وسط نهر الدانوب كحلفاء للرومان، بينما بقي جيب منهم في القرم. بعد انهيار امبراطورية الهون في 453، انتقل القوط الشرقيون في البداية إلى موئسيا (ح. 475–488) ولاحقاً هزموا المملكة الإيطالية.
Otingis
P
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
Paemani
Poemani or Caemani
Gallia Belgica؛ present-day Famenne region of central Wallonia
Pharodini
Q
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
Quadi
تاكيتوس، جرمانيا
Perhaps originating north of the River Main, the Quadi (along with the Marcomanni) migrated into what is now Moravia, western Slovakia, and Lower Austria where they displaced Celtic cultures and were first noticed by Romans in 8–6 BCE.
The Nördlinger Ries in the west of the German state of Bavaria
S
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
Sabalingi
Frankonian chronicle
Salian Franks، Salii، in Scandinavian Freki، in Latin (ca. 300 AD) 'Feroces', Sicambri
Dorste, Lower Saxony، Germany, later of the other rhinesite
Salier، Sidini، Sunici، Campine
Saxones
Franconian chronicles
Lower Saxony، Bremen
Sachsen
Scirii
تاكيتوس
Scirhans,Scirians
Zealand, Danemark or Scania/Skåne, near to Heruli, then Poland coast, 230 BC with Heruli beside of Bastarne in Moravia وUkraine,
468/469 by Tisza eastly neighbour of Valamir
Sciri, Skirii, Skiri or Skirians, Skir or Skans
Segni
تاكيتوس
Segui, Belger
Belgian gaul, defeated by Caesar 57 BCE, subtribe of Belger
Belger
Semnones
تاكيتوس
Suebi or Suevi، Suiones
Brandenburg, Vorpommern, Sachsen, Eastgermany
Schwaben, Svebi, Suavia
Silingi
Romanian history
Vandals or Vandales
Vistula, Poland
Sidini، Sibini، Sigulones، Sitones
Suarini
پروكوپيوس; Pliny the Elder
Varini
Schwerin، Mecklenburg، Warnow in north Eastgermany وWangria alias Wagerland, eastly Limes Saxoniae in Holstein، defeated by Karl the great and his Abodrites Vasall 782.
First encountered dwelling on the right bank of the Rhine in the time of يوليوس قيصر؛ transported in 39 BCE by Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa to the left bank, apparently at their own request, as they feared the incursions of their neighbours the Chatti.
Ulmerugi
Rugians, Rygir, Ulmerugi, Holmrygir
East Germanic tribe who migrated from southwest النرويج to Pomerania around 100 CE, and from there to the Danube River valley, where they established their own kingdom in the 5th century CE.
Usipetes
Julius Caesar؛ تاكيتوس؛ Claudius Ptolemy
Usipii, Ousipai, possibly Ouispoi
Moved into the area on the right bank (the northern or eastern bank) of the lower Rhine in the 1st century BCE.
V
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
Vagoth
Jordanes
Scandza
ڤاندال
Associated with the Przeworsk culture; possibly the same people as the Lugii.
Believed to have migrated from southern Scandinavia (possibly Vendel in Sweden) to the area between the lower Oder وVistula rivers during the 2nd century BCE, and to have settled in Silesia (southern part of modern Poland) from around 120 BCE, where they were first heard of by ancient writers. Expanded into Dacia during the Marcomannic Wars and to Pannonia during the Crisis of the Third Century. Around 400 CE, they were pushed westward into Roman Europe by the Huns، establishing kingdoms in Spain, Sardinia, Corsica and later North Africa in the 5th century.
Vangiones
Unknown origin. After being defeated while participating in an invasion of Gaul in 58 BC, they made peace with the Romans and were allowed to settle among the Mediomatrici in شمال الألزاس. They gradually assumed control of the Celtic city of Burbetomagus, later Worms.
Vogtland district of ساكسونيا في ألمانيا. Along the line of the Danube between the Hermunduri at its source and the Marcomanni وQuadi in Bohemia. Medieval Provincia Variscorum.
Vidivarii
Jordanes، Getarum
Prussians, Site of Wiskiauten، Prussia (now Russia)
Vinoviloth
Jordanes، Getarum
Possibly, Winnili، and/or Vingulmark
Scandinavia
ڤيروني
Visburgi
القوط الغربيون
Claudius Mamertinus؛ Cassiodorus؛ Jordanes
Valagothi, Alaric Goths; possibly the Thervingi؛ part of the larger groups of Goths
Originated in Dacia؛ migrated westward at the expense of the crumbling Roman Empire (map).
ڤيسپي
Z
الاسم
المصادر
التنويعات
المسقط
الاسم المعاصر
زومي
المؤسسون الأسطوريون
للمزيد من المعلومات: السلف مصدر الاسم
Many of the authors relating ethnic names of Germanic peoples speculated concerning their origin, from the earliest writers to approximately the Renaissance. One cross-cultural approach over this more than a millennium of historical speculation was to assign an eponymous ancestor of the same name as, or reconstructed from, the name of the people. For example, Hellen was the founder of the Hellenes.
Although some Enlightenment historians continued to repeat these ancient stories as though fact, today they are recognised as manifestly mythological. There was, for example, no Franko, or Francio, ancestor of the Franks. The convergence of data from history, linguistics and archaeology have made this conclusion inevitable. A list of the mythical founders of Germanic peoples follows.
Angul — Angles (the Kings of Mercia، according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle، other Anglo-Saxon dynasties are derived from other descendants of Woden)
Ask — Istvaeones
Aurvandil — ڤاندال
Burgundus — Burgundians (Historia Brittonum)
Dan — Danes (Chronicon Lethrense)
Francio — Franks (Liber Historiae Francorum)
Gothus — Goths/Geats/Gutes
Ingve — Ingvaeones، Ynglings
Irmin — Irminones
Mannus — Manni, or "men", a name fragment as in the later ألماني (جرمانيا)
Nór — Norwegians (Chronicon Lethrense)
Seaxnēat — ساكسون
انظر أيضاً
بوابة Ancient Germanic culture
اتحادات القبائل الجرمانية
جماعة عرقية
جرمانيا
German clan
Germanic peoples
Norse clans
Sippe
الهامش
^Nansen, Fridtjof; Chater, Arthur G. (1911). In northern mists; Arctic exploration in early times. New York: Frederick A. Stokes Co. p. 132.
^تاكيتوس; Anthony Richard Birley (1999). Agricola and Germany. Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. p. 130.
^Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, 1854, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=melibocus-geo&highlight=melibocus
^Schütte (1917), Ptolemy's maps of northern Europe, a reconstruction of the prototypes, http://archive.org/details/ptolemysmapsofno00schrich
^Sidonnius Appolinarius, Carmina، 7, 322
^Luebe, Die Boergunder، in Krüger II, p. 373 n. 21, in Herbert Schutz, Tools, weapons and ornaments: Germanic material culture in Pre-Carolingian Central Europe, 400-750، BRILL, 2001, p.36
^Domingos Maria da Silva, "De Buricis (Acerca dos Búrios)"، Bracara Augusta، 36, 1982, pp. 237-68.
^Domingos Maria da Silva, Os Búrios، Terras de Bouro, Câmara Municipal de Terras de Bouro, 2006. (in Portuguese)
وصلات خارجية
Some tribal maps of Germania can be found at:
Germania of تاكيتوس
A speculative Findlay map of 1849
تاريخ النشر:
2020-06-07 08:51:21
التصنيفات:
شعوب جرمانية قديمة, Lists of ancient Indo-European tribes