الحملة الصربية في الحرب العالمية الأولى

الحملة الصربية
	جزء من مسرح البلقان في الحرب العالمية الأولى
	; المشاة الصربية المتمركزة في Ada Ciganlija.
التاريخ	28 يوليو1914 – ثلاثة نوفمبر 1918; (4 سنة , 3 شهر و6 يوم )
المسقط	صربيا، الجبل الأسود، اليونان، ألبانيا
النتيجة	نصر صربي في 1914; فوز القوى المركزية في 1915; الاحتلال المؤقت لصربيا; فوز صربيا والحلفاء في 1918
الخصوم
النمسا-المجر ; مملكة بلغاريا (1915–1918) ; الإمبراطورية الألمانية (1915–1918)	مملكة صربيا; مملكة الجبل الأسود; فرنسا (1915–1918); المملكة المتحدة (1915–1918); الإمبراطورية الروسية (until 1917)
القادة والزعماء
Oskar Potiorek; Stjepan Sarkotić; Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza; Nikola Zhekov; Kliment Boyadzhiev; Georgi Todorov; August von Mackensen; ماكس فون گالڤتس	ألكسندر الأول; Radomir Putnik; Živojin Mišić; Stepa Stepanović; Petar Bojović; Pavle Jurišić Šturm; Nicholas I; Janko Vukotić; Louis Franchet d'Espèrey; موريس ساراي; بريان ماهون
القوات
1914:; 462,000	1914:; 420,597
الخسائر
264,500+ killed and wounded (estimated) ; 37,000; 12,000	320,000 killed, wounded or diseased (estimated) ; Unknown; Unknown; Unknown

الحملة الصربية في الحرب العالمية الأولى نشبت في أواخر يوليو1914، حين غزت النمسا-المجر مملكة صربيا في بداية الحرب العالمية الأولى، وحتى نهاية الحرب في نوفمبر 1918. الجبهة اشتعلت من الدانوب إلى جنوب مقدونيا ثم إلى الشمال مرة أخرى، وشاركت فيها قوات تقريباً من جميع الدول المتنازعة في الحرب.

انخفض عديد الجيش الصربي بشدة مع نهاية الحرب، من نحو420,000 في أوجه إلى نحو100,000 عند التحرير. وقد فقدت مملكة صربيا أكثر من 1,100,000 نسمة أثناء الحرب (خسائر العسكريين والمدنيين معاً)، مما مثل ما يزيد عن 27% من إجمالي تعداد المملكة ونحو60% من تعداد الذكور. وحسب تقديرات الحكومة اليوغسلاڤية (1924) فقد فقدت صربيا 265,164 جندياً، أو25% من إجمالي التعبئة الوطنية. بالمقارنة، فقدت فرنسا 16.8%، ألمانيا 15.4%، روسيا 11.5%، وإيطاليا 10.3%.

خلفية

The Austro-Hungarian government's declaration of war in a telegram sent to the government of Serbia on 28 July 1914, signed by Imperial Foreign Minister Count Leopold Berchtold.

مقارنة القوى

Figures represent the numbers of all Austro-Hungarian troops concentrated on southern (Serbian) theater at the beginning of August and the entire Serbian army, the number of troops actually available for the operations on both sides was however somewhat lesser.

Type	النمسا-المجر	الصرب
Battalions	329	209
Batteries	143	122
Squadrons	51	44
Engineer Companies	45	22
المدفعية الميدانية	756	558 ( 348 QF )
المدافع الرشاشة	490	210
إجمالي المتقاتلين	378,000	250,000

Montenegrin troops outside of Lovćen, October 1914.

Serbia's ally Montenegro mustered an army of some 35-40,000 men with only 14 modern quick firing field guns and some 51 older pieces (some of them being antique models from 1870's) and 62 machine guns. Unlike Austro-Hungary and the Serbian army, the Montenegrin army was of militia type without proper military training or a career officer's corps.

ملاحظة:

according to AH military formation average war strength of following units was:

Battalion:1000 ( combatants )

Battery: 196

Squadron: 180

Engineer Companies: 260

Strength of corresponding Serbian units was similar:

Battalion: 1116 ( combatants and non-combatants )

Battery: 169

Squadron: 130

Engineer Company: 250

Heavy artillery

Austro-Hungarian	Serbian
12 mobile batteries: 4 305 mm mortars 2 240 mm mortars 20 150 mm howitzers 16 120 mm cannons Additionally A-H fortresses and garrisons near the Serbian and Montenegrin borders ( Petrovaradin, Sarajevo, Kotor etc. ) had about 40 companies of heavy fortress artillery of various models.	12 mobile batteries: 6 150 mm mortars Schneider-Canet M97 22 120 mm howitzers Schneider-Canet M97 15 120 mm Shneider-Canet M1897 long gun

النسق القتالي للجيش الصربي

الجيش الأول

General Petar Bojović, Commanding First Army

Colonel Božidar Terzić, Chief of Staff

الفرق	Regiments
Cavalry division: Colonel Branko Jovanović	1. cavalry regiment 2. cavalry regiment 3. cavalry regiment 4. cavalry regiment
Timok division I ban: General Vladimir Kondić	13. inf.reg. I ban 14. inf.reg. I ban 15. inf.reg. I ban 20. inf.reg. I ban
Timok division II ban:	13. inf.reg. II ban 14. inf.reg. II ban 15. inf.reg. II ban
Morava division II ban	1. inf.reg. II ban 2. inf.reg. II ban 3. inf.reg. II ban
Braničevo detachment (Dunav division II ban)	troops of Dunav division II ban: 7. inf.reg. II ban 8. inf.reg. II ban 9. inf.reg. II ban other troops: 9. inf.reg. I ban 8. inf.reg. III ban 9. inf.reg. III ban
Army artillery Colonel Božidar Srećković

الجيش الثاني

General Stepa Stepanović, Commanding Second Army

Colonel Vojislav Živanović, Chief of Staff

Divisions	Regiments
Morava division I ban Colonel Ilija Gojković	1.inf.reg. I ban 2.inf.reg. I ban 3.inf.reg. I ban 16.inf.reg. I ban
Combined division I ban General Mihajlo Rašić	1. supernumerary inf.reg. I ban Svetislav Mišković 2. supernumerary inf.reg. I ban 5. supernumerary inf.reg. I ban 6. supernumerary inf.reg. I ban Dragoljub Uzunmirković
Šumadija division I ban	10. inf.reg. I ban 11. inf.reg. I ban 12. inf.reg. I ban 19. inf.reg. I ban
Dunav division I ban Colonel Milivoje Anđelković	7. inf.reg. I ban 8. inf.reg. I ban 18. inf.reg. I ban 4. supernumerary inf.reg. I ban
Army artillery Colonel Vojislav Milojević

الجيش الثالث

General Pavle Jurišić Šturm, Commanding Third Army

Colonel Dušan Pešić, Chieff of Staff

Divisions and brigades	Regiments
Drina division I ban	5. inf.reg. I ban 6. inf.reg. I ban 17. inf.reg. I ban 3. supernumerary inf.reg. I ban
Drina division II ban	5. inf.reg. II ban Miloje Jelisijević 6. inf.reg. II ban 6. inf.reg. III ban 1 battalion of 5. inf.reg. III ban
Obrenovac detachment	7. inf.reg. III ban 2 battalions of 5. inf.reg. III ban
other units:	Jadar četnik detachment
Army artillery: Colonel Miloš Mihailović

Army group Užice

General Miloš Božanović

Divisions and brigades	Regiments
Šumadija division II ban Colonel Dragutin Milutinović	10. inf.reg. II ban 11 inf.reg. II ban 12. inf.reg. II ban 4. inf.reg. I ban
Užice brigade Colonel Ivan Pavlović	4. inf.reg. II ban 4. inf.reg. III ban
detachments:	Lim detachment LtColonel Jevrem Mihailović Zlatibor četnik detachment Major Kosta Tododrović Gornjak četnik detachment Major Velimir Vemić
Army artillery:

النسق القتالي لقوات النمسا-المجر في المسرح الصربي، أغسطس 1914.

قوة البلقان

5. Army

commander : Liborius Ritter von Frank

9. فرقة مشاة

21. landwehr infantry division

36. infantry division

42. domobran infantry division

13. infantry brigade

11. mountain brigade

104. landsturm infantry brigade

13. march brigade

6. Army

commander : Oskar Potiorek

1. infantry division

48. infantry division

18. infantry division

47. infantry division

40. honved infantry division

109. landsturm infantry brigade

Banat Rayon and garrisons

107. landsturm infantry brigade

sundry units of infantry, cavalry and artillery

From the 2. Army

commander : Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli

17. infantry division

34. infantry division

31. infantry division

32. infantry division

29. infantry division

7. infantry division

23.infantry division

10. cavalry division

4. march brigade

7. march brigade

8. march brigade

1914

معركة تسير

الهجوم الأول على صربيا، أغسطس 1914

معركة درينا

Maxim МGعشرة of Serbian Royal Army

"The Serbians, seasoned, war-hardened men, inspired by the fiercest patriotism, the result of generations of torment and struggle, awaited undaunted whatever fate might bestow."

Winston Churchill, The Great War.

معركة كولوبارا

العمليات اللاحقة في صربيا، 1914

1915

Prelude

ملف:Serbian Artillery WW1.jpg

Serbian artillery

Nikola Pašić, Serbian prime minister in 1915

Refugee Transport from Serbia 1914/15 in Leibnitz, Styria

Course of the Campaign

ملف:Serbian Campaign 1915.JPG

Conquest of Serbia, 1915

Serbian Army during its retreat towards Albania

1916–1918

End of the War

The ramifications of the war were manifold. When World War I ended, the Treaty of Neuilly gave Greece Western Thrace, and Serbia some minor territorial concessions from Bulgaria. Austria-Hungary was broken apart and Hungary lost much land to both Yugoslavia and Romania in the Treaty of Trianon. Serbia assumed the lead position in the new state of Yugoslavia, joined by its old ally, Montenegro. Meanwhile, Italy established a quasi-protectorate over Albania and Greece reoccupied Albania's southern part, which was autonomous under a local Greek provisional Government (see Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus).

الخسائر

The Entente casualties

The remains of Serbs killed by Bulgarian soldiers during the Surdulica massacre. It is estimated that 2,000–3,000 Serbian men were killed in the town during the first months of the Bulgarian occupation of southern Serbia.

Before the war, the Kingdom of Serbia had 4,500,000 inhabitants. According to the New York Times, in 1915 alone 150,000 people are estimated to have died during the worst typhus epidemic in world history. With the aid of the American Red Cross and 44 foreign governments, the outbreak was brought under control by the end of the year. The number of civilian deaths is estimated by some sources at 650,000, primarily due to the typhus outbreak and famine, but also direct clashes with the occupiers. Serbia's casualties accounted for 8% of the total Entente military deaths. 58% of the regular Serbian Army (420,000 strong) perished during the conflict. The total number of casualties is placed around 1,000,000: 25% of Serbia's prewar size, and an absolute majority (57%) of its overall male population.L.A. Times and N.Y. Times also cited over 1,000,000 victims in their respective articles.

Attacks against ethnic Serb civilians

Austro-Hungarian propaganda postcard saying "Serbs, we'll smash you to pieces!"

Austro-Hungarian soldiers executing Serb civilians during World War I.

انظر أيضاً

Momčilo Gavrić (soldier)
انسحاب الجييش الصربي عبر ألبانيا (الحرب العالمية الأولى)
الحرب العالمية الأولى
خسائر الحرب العالمية الأولى

الهامش

^ Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg — Wien: Verlag der Militärwissenschaftlichen Mitteilungen, 1930. — Vol. 1. pg. 759. This is the total number of soldiers who served on the Balkans until the middle of December 1914.
^ http://www.vojska.net/eng/world-war-1/serbia/organization/1914/
^ Thomas & Babac. "Armies in the Balkans 1914–1918" pg.12
^ ", p.463
^ Чедомир Антић, , Политика од 14. септембра 2008.
^ Владимир Радомировић, , Политика од 14. септембра 2008.
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة ReferenceA
^ Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914 - 1918, vol. 1, Wienn 1930, p.82
^ Jordan 2008, p. 25
^ Mitrović 2007, p. 223.
^ Serbia in 1914
^ "$1,600,000 was raised for the Red Cross" (PDF). The New York Times. 29 October 1915.
^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/features/minorpowers_serbia.htm
^ Serbian army, August 1914
^ Tema nedelje: Najveća srpska pobeda: Sudnji rat: POLITIKA
^ Тема недеље : Највећа српска победа : Сви српски тријумфи : ПОЛИТИКА (صربية)
^ Fourth of Serbia's population dead.
^ Asserts Serbians face extinction
^ Honzík, Miroslav; Honzíková, Hana (1984). 1914/1918, Léta zkázy a naděje. Czech Republic: Panorama.

المصادر

الخط

Falls, Cyril, The Great War (1960)
Esposito, Vincent (ed.), The West Point Atlas of American Wars – Vol. 2; maps 46–50. Frederick Praeger Press (1959)
Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914 - 1918, vol. 1, Wienn 1930

[1]

Österreich-Ungarns letzter Krieg 1914 -1918, vol. 2 Beilagen, Wienn 1931

[2]

Franek, Fritz, Die Entwicklung der öst.-ung. Wehrmacht in den ersten zwei Kriegsjahren, Wienn 1933

[3]

Jordan, David (2008). The Balkans, Italy & Africa 1914–1918: From Sarajevo to the Piave and Lake Tanganyika. London, United Kingdom: Amber Books Ltd. ISBN .
Mitrović, Andrej (2007). Serbia's Great War, 1914-1918. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. ISBN .
Willmott, H. P. (2003). World War One. Dorling Kindersley Publishing, Incorporated. ISBN .