مملكة ريوكيو
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مملكة ريوكيو
琉球國
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| 1429–1879 | |||||||||||||||||
الراية الملكية
الدرع الملكية
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النشيد: 石なぐの歌 | |||||||||||||||||
| المكانة |
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| العاصمة | شوري | ||||||||||||||||
| اللغات الشائعة | لغات ريوكيو(اللغات الأصلية)، الصينية التقليدية، اليابانية التقليدية | ||||||||||||||||
| الدين | ديانة ريوكيوالأصلية، البوذية، الكونفوشية، الطاوية | ||||||||||||||||
| الحكومة | ملكية | ||||||||||||||||
| الملك (國王) | |||||||||||||||||
• 1429–1439 |
Shō Hashi | ||||||||||||||||
• 1477–1526 |
Shō Shin | ||||||||||||||||
• 1587–1620 |
Shō Nei | ||||||||||||||||
• 1848–1879 |
Shō Tai | ||||||||||||||||
| Sessei (摂政) | |||||||||||||||||
• 1666–1673 |
Shō Shōken | ||||||||||||||||
| الوصي (國師, Kokushi) | |||||||||||||||||
• 1751–1752 |
ساي أُن | ||||||||||||||||
| التشريع | Shuri cabinet (首里王府), Sanshikan (三司官) | ||||||||||||||||
| التاريخ | |||||||||||||||||
• Unification |
1429 | ||||||||||||||||
• غزوساتسوما |
5 أبريل 1609 | ||||||||||||||||
• Reorganized into Ryukyu Domain |
1875 | ||||||||||||||||
• ضمتها اليابان |
March 27 1879 | ||||||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||||||
| 2,271 kم2 (877 ميل2) | |||||||||||||||||
| Currency | مون ريوكيو، Chinese, and مون ياباني coins | ||||||||||||||||
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| Today part of |
 اليابان
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مملكة ريوكيو (Okinawan: 琉球國 Ruuchuu-kuku؛ يابانية: 琉球王国 Ryūkyū Ōkoku؛ الصينية الوسيطة: Ljuw-gjuw kwok؛ الاسم الإنگليزي التاريخي: Lewchew، Luchu وLoochoo؛ بالإنگليزية: Ryukyu Kingdom) كانت مملكة مستقلة حكمت معظم جزر ريوكيومن القرن 15 إلى القرن 19. وحـّد ملوك ريوكيوجزيرة أوكيناوا ومدوا المملكة لتضم جزر أمامي في محافظة كاگوشيما الحالية، وجزر ساكيشيما بالقرب من تايوان. وبالرغم من صغر حجمها، فإن المملكة لعبت دوراً محورياً في شبكات التجارة البحرية في العصور الوسطى في شرق وجنوب شرق آسيا، خصوصاً سلطنة ملقا.
التاريخ
أصول المملكة
الغزوالياباني والإخضاع
حوالي 1590، Toyotomi Hideyoshi asked the Ryukyu Kingdom to aid in his campaign to conquer Korea. If successful, Hideyoshi intended to then move against China. As the Ryukyu Kingdom was a tributary state of the Ming dynasty, the request was refused. The Tokugawa shogunate that emerged following Hideyoshi's fall authorized the Shimazu family—feudal lords of the Satsuma domain (present-day Kagoshima Prefecture)—to send an expeditionary force to conquer the Ryukyus. The subsequent invasion took place in 1609. Occupation occurred fairly quickly, with some fierce fighting, and King Shō Nei was taken prisoner to Kagoshima and later to Edo (طوكيوالحالية). When he was released two years later, the Ryukyu Kingdom regained a degree of autonomy; however, the Satsuma domain seized control over some territory of the Ryukyu Kingdom, notably the Amami-Ōshima island group, which was incorporated into the Satsuma domain and remains a part of Kagoshima prefecture, not Okinawa prefecture, to this day.
The kingdom was described by Hayashi Shihei in Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu, which was published in 1785.
علاقات الجزية
Japan ordered tributary relations to end in 1875 after the tribute mission of 1874 was perceived as a show of submission to China.
ضمها إلى الامبراطورية اليابانية
In 1872, Emperor Meiji unilaterally declared that the kingdom was then Ryukyu Domain. At the same time, the fiction of independence was maintained for diplomatic reasons until the Meiji Japanese government abolished the Ryukyu Kingdom when the islands were incorporated as Okinawa Prefecture on 27 March 1879. The Amami-Ōshima island group which had been integrated into Satsuma Domain became a part of Kagoshima Prefecture.
الأحداث الكبرى
- 1187 – Shunten becomes King of Okinawa, based at Urasoe Castle.
- 1272 – Envoys from the Mongol Empire are expelled from Okinawa by King Eiso.
- 1276 – Mongols are violently driven off the island again.
- 1372 – The first Ming dynasty envoy visits Okinawa, which had been divided into three kingdoms during the Sanzan period. Formal tributary relations with the Chinese Empire begin.
- 1416 – Chūzan, led by Shō Hashi, occupies Nakijin Castle, capital of Hokuzan.
- 1429 – Chūzan occupies Nanzan Castle, capital of Nanzan, unifying Okinawa Island. Shō Hashi moves the capital to Shuri Castle (now part of modern-day Naha).
- 1458 – Amawari's rebellion against the Kingdom.
- 1466 – Kikai Island invaded by Ryukyu.
- 1470 – Shō En (Kanemaru) establishes the Second Shō Dynasty.
- 1477 – Shō Shin, whose rule is called the "Great Days of Chūzan", ascends to the throne. Golden age of the kingdom.
- 1500 – Sakishima Islands annexed by Ryukyu.
- 1609 – (April 5) Daimyō (Lord) of Satsuma in southern Kyūshū invades the kingdom. King Shō Nei is captured.
- 1611 – In accordance with the peace treaty, Satsuma annexes the Amami and Tokara Islands; Kings of Ryukyu become vassals to the Lords of Satsuma.
- 1623 – Completion of Omoro Sōshi.
- 1650 – Completion of Chūzan Seikan.
- 1724 – Completion of Chūzan Seifu.
- 1745 – Completion of Kyūyō.
- 1846 – Dr. Bernard Jean Bettelheim (d. 1870), a British Protestant missionary serving with the Loochoo Naval Mission, arrives in Ryukyu Kingdom. He establishes the first foreign hospital on the island at the Naminoue Gokoku-ji Temple.
- 1852 – Commodore Matthew C. Perry of the US Navy visits the kingdom and establishes a coaling station in Naha.
- 1854 – Perry returns to Okinawa to sign the Loochoo Compact with the Ryukyuan government; Bettelheim leaves with Perry.
- 1866 – The last official mission from the Qing Empire visits the kingdom.
- 1872 – Emperor Meiji unilaterally declares King Shō Tai as the "Domain Head of Ryukyu Domain".
- 1874 – The last tributary envoy to China is dispatched from Naha. / Kaiser Wilhelm I erects a "friendship monument" on Miyako Island. / Japan invades Taiwan on behalf of Ryukyu.
- 1879 – Japan abolishes Ryukyu Domain and declares the creation of Okinawa Prefecture, formally annexing the islands. Shō Tai is forced to abdicate, but is granted the rank of marquis (侯爵 kōshaku) within the Meiji peerage system.
قائمة ملوك ريوكيو
| Name | Chinese characters | Reign | Line or Dynasty | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shunten | 舜天 | 1187–37 | Tenson Lineage | |
| Shunbajunki | 舜馬順熈 | 1238–48 | Tenson Lineage | |
| Gihon | 義本 | 1249–59 | Tenson Lineage | |
| Eiso | 英祖 | 1260–99 | Eiso Lineage | |
| Taisei | 大成 | 1300–08 | Eiso Lineage | |
| Eiji | 英慈 | 1309–13 | Eiso Lineage |
| Tamagusuku | 玉城 | 1314–36 | Eiso Lineage | |
| Seii | 西威 | 1337–54 | Eiso Lineage | |
| Satto | 察度 | 1355–97 | Satto Lineage | |
| Bunei | 武寧 | 1398–1406 | Satto Lineage | |
| Shō Shishō | 尚思紹 | 1407–21 | First Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Hashi | 尚巴志 | 1422–29 | First Shō Dynasty | as King of Chūzan |
| Name | Chinese characters | Reign | Line or Dynasty | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shō Hashi | 尚巴志 | 1429–39 | First Shō Dynasty | as King of Ryukyu |
| Shō Chū | 尚忠 | 1440–42 | First Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Shitatsu | 尚思達 | 1443–49 | First Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Kinpuku | 尚金福 | 1450–53 | First Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Taikyū | 尚泰久 | 1454–60 | First Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Toku | 尚徳 | 1461–69 | First Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō En | 尚円 | 1470–76 | Second Shō Dynasty | AKA Kanemaru Uchima |
| Shō Sen'i | 尚宣威 | 1477 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Shin | 尚真 | 1477–1526 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Sei | 尚清 | 1527–55 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Gen | 尚元 | 1556–72 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Ei | 尚永 | 1573–86 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Nei | 尚寧 | 1587–1620 | Second Shō Dynasty | ruled during Satsuma invasion; first king to be Satsuma vassal |
| Shō Hō | 尚豊 | 1621–40 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Ken | 尚賢 | 1641–47 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Shitsu | 尚質 | 1648–68 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Tei | 尚貞 | 1669–1709 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Eki | 尚益 | 1710–12 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Kei | 尚敬 | 1713–51 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Boku | 尚穆 | 1752–95 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō On | 尚温 | 1796–1802 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Sei (r. 1803) | 尚成 | 1803 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Kō | 尚灝 | 1804–28 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Iku | 尚育 | 1829–47 | Second Shō Dynasty | |
| Shō Tai | 尚泰 | 1848 – March 11, 1879 | Second Shō Dynasty | آخر ملوك ريوكيو(then Japanese Marquis 1884–1901) |
في الثقافة الشعبية
In the videogame Europa Universalis IV there is an achievement called The Three Mountains, which is achieved by conquering the world as the Ryukyu Kingdom. It is considered to be one of the hardest in-game achievements, thought to be an impossible one for a long time, due to Ryukyu's limited resources and isolation.
انظر أيضاً
- Foreign relations of Imperial China
- Gusuku
- History of Amami Islands
- History of the Ryukyu Islands
- History of Sakishima Islands
- Hua–Yi distinction
- غزوريوكيو
- Mudan Incident of 1871
- Ryukyu independence movement
- جزر ريوكيو
- Ryukyuan missions to Edo
- Ryukyuan missions to Imperial China
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Ryukyuan missions to Joseon
- Joseon missions to Ryukyu Kingdom
- Imperial Chinese missions to Ryukyu Kingdom
- Ryukyuan people
- Tamaudun (intact royal tombs)
- Okinawan martial arts
الملاحظات
- ^ بالرغم من حتى ملك ريوكيوكان تابعاً لـ Satsuma Domain، إلا حتى مملكة ريوكيولم تُعتبر جزءاً من أي هان بسبب العلاقات التجارية مع الصين.
الهامش
التذييل
- ^ "Ryuukyuuan coins". Luke Roberts at the Department of History – University of California at Santa Barbara (in الإنجليزية). 24 October 2003. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
- ^ Matsuda 2001, p. 16.
- ^ Klaproth, Julius (1832) (in fr), San kokf tsou ran to sets, ou Aperçu général des trois royaumes, https://books.google.com/books?id=jCNMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA169.
- ^ Kerr 1953, p. 366-367.
- ^ Matsuo, Kanenori Sakon (2005). , p. 40, at Google Books.
- ^ Kerr 1953, p. 175.
- ^ Lin, Man-houng. "The Ryukyus and Taiwan in the East Asian Seas: A Longue Durée Perspective", Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. October 27, 2006, translated and abridged from Academia Sinica Weekly, No. 1084. August 24, 2006.
- ^ Goodenough, Ward H. ", The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, May 1959, Vol. 323, No. 1, p. 165.
- ^ Kerr 1953, p. 381.
- ^ Hamashita, Takeshi. Okinawa Nyūmon (沖縄入門, "Introduction to Okinawa"). Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō, 2000, pp. 207–13.
-
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةpapinot
المصادر
- Kang, David C (2010), East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-23115318-8, OCLC 562768984, https://books.google.com/books?id=ydVymF_OrWEC; ISBN 978-0-23152674-6.
- Kerr, George H (1953), Ryukyu Kingdom and Province before 1945, Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, OCLC 5455582, http://www.worldcat.org/title/ryukyu-kingdom-and-province-before-1945/oclc/5455582.
- Kerr, George H (1958), Okinawa: the History of an Island People, Rutland, VT: Charles Tuttle Co, OCLC 722356, http://www.worldcat.org/title/okinawa-the-history-of-an-island-people/oclc/722356?referer=br&ht=edition.
- Matsuda, Mitsugu (2001), 'The Government of the Kingdom of Ryukyu, 1609–1872, Gushikawa: Yui Pub., ISBN 4-946539-16-6, 283 pp.
- Murai, Shōsuke (2008), "Introduction", Acta Asiatica (Tokyo: The Tōhō Gakkai (The Institute of Eastern Culture)) 95.
- Okamoto, Hiromichi (2008), "Foreign Policy and Maritime Trade in the Early Ming Period Focusing on the Ryukyu Kingdom", Acta Asiatica 95.
- Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002), Japan Encyclopedia, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5, OCLC 48943301, https://books.google.com/books?id=UWY1JQAACAAJ.
- Smits, Gregory (1999), Visions of Ryukyu: identity and ideology in early-modern thought and politics, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, ISBN 0-8248-2037-1, 213 pp.
وصلات خارجية
- Brief History of the Uchinanchu (Okinawans), Uninanchu, http://www.uchinanchu.org/uchinanchu/history_of_uchinanchu.htm.
- Okinawa Filming Guide Book 2014–2015, Okinawa Convention & Visitors Bureau (OCVBOkinawaFilmOffice), http://filmoffice.ocvb.or.jp/_pdf/okinawaguide_eng_la.pdf
- Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan, Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties
Coordinates:
نطقب:Monarchs of Ryukyu
