هون الخان

Alchon Huns
	380–560
	Tamga of the Alchon Huns
	Alchon territories and campaigns into Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, circa 500 CE.
العاصمة	كابيسا
اللغات الشائعة	براهمي وBactrian (written)
الدين	البوذية والهندوسية
الحكومة	امبراطورية رحالة
Tegin
• 430 – 461 م	Khingila
• 461 – 493 م	مهاما
• 493 – 515	تورامانا
• 515 – 540 م	ميهيراكولا
• 540 – 570 CE	Toramana II
الحقبة التاريخية	القدم المتأخر
• تأسست	380
• انحلت	560
Currency	درخم هوني
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	الامبراطورية الساسانية
	Kidarites
	Hephthalites
	Gupta Empire
Nezak Huns
Aulikaras
Turk Shahi
Today part of	أفغانستان; پاكستان; الهند

هون الخان (Alchon Huns ؛ Sanskrit: Hūṇas)، أيضاً Alkhan Huns, were a group of nomads who established states in central and southern Asia. They were part of the four major "Hunic" states known collectively as Xionites or "Hunas", being preceded in southern Asia by the Kidarites and the Hephthalites, and succeeded by the Nezak Huns.

The Alchons appeared in the Paropamisadae and later expanded into the Punjab and central India as far as Eran and Kausambi. Their invasion of Indian territory follows that of the Kidarites about half a century earlier. It greatly weakened, and contributed to the fall of, the Gupta Empire. Their invasion of India follows numerous other invasions in the preceding centuries, such as those of the Indo-Greeks, the Indo-Scythians or the Kushans.

We know of the names of the Alchon kings from their extensive coinage and from inscriptions in Buddhist stupas.

التاريخ

Portrait of king Khingila, founder of the Alchon Huns, c. 430 - 490 CE.

The Alchon Huns emerged in Kapisa around 380, taking over Kabulistan from the Sassanian Persians, at the same time the Kidarites (Red Huns) ruled in Bactria and Ghandara. They are said to have taken control of Kabul in 388.

Gandhara

Around 430 king Khingila, the most notable Alchon ruler, emerges and takes control of the routes accross the Hindu Kush from the Kidarites. As the Alchons Huns took control, diplomatic missions were established in 457 with China. In 460, the Alchons conquered Taxila. Between 460-470 CE, as they took over Gandhara and Punjab, the Huns apparently undertook the mass destruction of Buddhist monasteries and stupas at Taxila, a high center of learning, which never recovered again from these destructions. The rest of the 5th century marks a period of territorial expansion and eponymous kings (Tegins), several of which appear to have overlapped and ruled jointly.

الحرب الهونية الأولى: وسط الهند

معركة إران الأولى (510 م)

A particularly decisive encounter occurred in Malwa, where a local Gupta ruler, probably a Governor, named Bhanugupta was ruling. In the Bhanugupta Eran inscription, this local ruler reports that he participated in a great battle in 510 CE at Eran, where he suffered severe casualties. According to a 6th century CE Buddhist work, the Manjusri-mula-kalpa, Bhanu Gupta lost Malwa to the Sudra Toramana, who continued his conquest to Magadha, forcing Narasimhagupta Baladitya to make a retreat to Bengal. Toramana is said to have crowned a new king in Benares, named Prakataditya, who is also presented as a son of Narasimha Gupta.

تورامانا نهب كاوسامبي واحتل ملوة.

The Eran "Varaha" boar, on which can be found an inscription mentioning the rule of Toramana.

A rare gold coin of Toramana in the style of the Guptas. The obverse legend reads: "The lord of the Earth, Toramana, having conquered the Earth, wins Heaven".

التقهقر إلى كابولستان

عملة "هجين الخان-نزاك"، من سنة 580-680. صورة جذع نصفية بنمط نزاك على الوجه؛ وتمگا الخان محاطة بإطار مزدوج على الظهر.

الدين والأخلاق

The period of Huna rule corresponds to the last stages of Greco-Buddhist art. 7th century, Ghorband District, Afghanistan.

اضطهاد البوذية

بوذا متعبد من عصر گوپتا، القرن الخامس الميلادي.

Khingila with solar symbol.

Alchon king with small male figure wearing solar nimbus.

The 12th century Kashmiri historian Kalhana too painted a dreary picture of Mihirakula's cruelty, as well as his persecution of the Buddhist faith:

"In him, the northern region brought forth, as it were, another god of death, bent in rivalry to surpass... Yama (the god of death residing in the southern regions). People knew of his approach by noticing the vultures, crows and other birds flying ahead eager to feed on those who were being slain within his army's reach. The royal Vetala (demon) was day and night surrounded by thousands of murdered human beings, even in his pleasure houses. This terrible enemy of mankind had no pity for children, no compassion for women, no respect for the aged"

— 12th century Kashmiri historian Kalhana

العواقب على الهند

سانجلي

إران

گواليور

سونداني

Choti Sadri

كورا

نهب كاوسامبي

ريشتال

Find spots of epigraphic inscriptions related to local control by the Alchon Huns (خريطة الهند)

تلك الغزوات، بالرغم من أنها لم تستمر إلا لبضع عقود، كان لها أثراً بعيداً على الهند، وبشكلٍ ما أنهت الحضارة الهندية الكلاسيكية.

المصادر

The Talagan copper scroll.

العملات

Silver drachm of Khingila, legend: "Khiggilo Alchono".
Silver drachm of مهاما
Silver drachm of Mihirakula
Bronze coin of Toramana II
Coin of Toramana II, circa 540-570 CE.
Khingila of the Alchon Huns Circa 440-490 CE.
Javukha of the Alchon Huns Mid-late 5th century.jpg
لاخانا من هون الخان، من آخر القرن الخامس أوأول القرن السادس.
Adomano of the Alchon Huns, mid-late 5th century.
Narana-Narenda of the Alchon Huns, late 4th-early 5th century CE.
Khingila as a young king, without headdress. Artificial cranial deformation clearly visible.
ختم Sardonyx يمثل ڤشنومع متعبد (لعله ميهيراكولا)، القرن 4-6 الميلادي. النقش بالباكترية الرِقعة يقول: "ميهيرا وڤشنووشيڤا". المتحف البريطاني.

References

^ The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, Michael Maas p.286
^ History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, Unesco p.119 sq
^ The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, Routledge, 2015 p.50 sq
^ Concise Encyclopeida Of World History by Carlos Ramirez-Faria [1]
^ Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks by Jason Neelis [2]
^ The Gupta Empire, Radhakumud Mookerji, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1959 p.120
^ Early history of Jammu region, Raj Kumar, Gyan Publishing House, 2010 p.538
^ Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna [3]
^ CNG Coins [4]
^ The Identity of Prakasaditya by Pankaj Tandon, Boston University [5]
^ CNG Coins [6]
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Eraly
^ Hans Bakker 24th Gonda lecture
^ For reference CNG Coins [7]
^ CNG coins [8]
^ CNG Coins [9]

وصلات خارجية

http://pro.geo.univie.ac.at/projects/khm/showcases/showcase11?language=en
http://grifterrec.rasmir.com/huns/huns.html

[CC-1] The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Attila, Michael Maas p.286

[HCCE_119-2] History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Ahmad Hasan Dani, B. A. Litvinsky, Unesco p.119 sq

[Hyun-3] The Huns, Hyun Jin Kim, Routledge, 2015 p.50 sq

[4] Concise Encyclopeida Of World History by Carlos Ramirez-Faria [1]

[5] Early Buddhist Transmission and Trade Networks by Jason Neelis [2]

[Mookerji-6] The Gupta Empire, Radhakumud Mookerji, Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1959 p.120

[Kumar-7] Early history of Jammu region, Raj Kumar, Gyan Publishing House, 2010 p.538

[8] Coin Cabinet of the Kunsthistorisches Museum Vienna [3]

[9] CNG Coins [4]

[10] The Identity of Prakasaditya by Pankaj Tandon, Boston University [5]

[11] CNG Coins [6]

[Eraly-12] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير سليم؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Eraly

[13] Hans Bakker 24th Gonda lecture

[14] For reference CNG Coins [7]

[15] CNG coins [8]

[16] CNG Coins [9]

[17] Samuel

[18] Samuel

[19] Michaels (2004) p.39

[20] Hiltebeitel (2002)

[21] Michaels (2004) p.39

[22] Hiltebeitel (2002)

[23] Micheals (2004) p.40

[24] Michaels (2004) p.41

الممالك الوسطى في الهند
خط زمني والفترة التاريخية	Northwestern India (پنجاب-ساپتا-سهندو)	Indo-Gangetic Plain			الهند الوسطى	الهند الجنوبية
خط زمني والفترة التاريخية	Northwestern India (پنجاب-ساپتا-سهندو)	Upper Gangetic Plain (كورو-Panchala)	Middle Gangetic Plain	Lower Gangetic Plain	الهند الوسطى	الهند الجنوبية
العصر الحديدي
الثقافة	فترة الڤديك المتأخرة	فترة الڤديك المتأخرة (Brahmin ideology) Painted Grey Ware culture	فترة الڤديك المتأخرة (Kshatriya/Shramanic culture) Northern Black Polished Ware		ما قبل التاريخ
القرنستة ق.م.	گاندارا	كورو-Panchala	ماگادا		أديڤاسي (قبائل)
الثقافة	التأثير الفارسي-اليوناني	"التمدن الثاني" صعود الحركات الشرامانية جيانية - بوذية - Ājīvika - يوگا			ما قبل الهند
القرنخمسة ق.م.	(الحكم الفارسي)		Shishunaga dynasty		أديڤاسي (قبائل)
القرن أربعة ق.م.	(الغزوات اليونانية)	امبراطورية ناندا			أديڤاسي (قبائل)
العصر التاريخي
الثقافة	انتشار البوذية				ما قبل التاريخ	Sangam period (300 ق.م. – 200 م)
القرن ثلاثة ق.م.	امبراطورية مورايا					Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam
الثقافة	الهندوسية ما قبل الكلاسيكية - "Hindu Synthesis" (ca. 200 BC - 300 AD) الملاحم - Puranas - Ramayana - Mahabharata - Bhagavad Gita - Brahma Sutras - Smarta Tradition Mahayana Buddhism					Sangam period (استمرت) (300 ق.م.– 200 م)
القرن 2 ق.م.	المملكة الهندو-يونانية		امبراطورية شونگا Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty			Early Cholas Early Pandyan Kingdom Satavahana dynasty Cheras 46 ممالك أخرى صغيرة في Ancient Thamizhagam
القرن 1 ق.م.	المملكة الهندو-يونانية		امبراطورية شونگا Maha-Meghavahana Dynasty
القرن 1 م	Indo-Scythians الهندو-پارثية		مملكة كونيندا
القرن 2	امبراطورية كوشان
القرن 2	المملكة الكوشانية الساسانية	امبراطورية كوشان	Western Satraps	Kamarupa kingdom	Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras)
الثقافة	"العصر المضىي للهندوسية"(ح. 320-650 م) Puranas Co-existence of Hinduism and Buddhism
القرن 4	Kidarites	Gupta Empire Varman dynasty				Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) Kadamba Dynasty Western Ganga Dynasty
القرن 5	Hephthalite Empire	Alchon Huns				Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) Vishnukundina
القرن 6	Nezak Huns Kabul Shahi		Maitraka		Adivasi (tribes)	Badami Chalukyas Kalabhra dynasty Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras)
الثقافة	Late-Classical Hinduism (ح. 650-1100 م) Advaita Vedanta - Tantra Decline of Buddhism in India
القرن 7	Indo-Sassanids		Vakataka dynasty Empire of Harsha	Mlechchha dynasty	Adivasi (tribes)	Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras) Pandyan Kingdom(Revival) Pallava
القرن 8	Kabul Shahi		Pala Empire			Pandyan Kingdom Kalachuri
القرن 9	Kabul Shahi		Gurjara-Pratihara			Rashtrakuta dynasty Pandyan Kingdom Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas) Chera Perumals of Makkotai
القرن 10	Ghaznavids			Pala dynasty Kamboja-Pala dynasty		Kalyani Chalukyas Medieval Cholas Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas) Chera Perumals of Makkotai Rashtrakuta
{{{1 المصادر ^ Samuel ^ Samuel ^ Michaels (2004) p.39 ^ Hiltebeitel (2002) ^ Michaels (2004) p.39 ^ Hiltebeitel (2002) ^ Micheals (2004) p.40 ^ Michaels (2004) p.41 Sources Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge, https://books.google.nl/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=nl#v=onepage&q&f=false Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press Samuel, Geoffrey (2010), The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century, Cambridge University Press