السير جون ماكدونالد (11 January 1815 –ستة June 1891) هوأول رئيس وزراء لكندا تولى رئاسة الوزراء مرتين الأولى في يوليومن العام 1867 حتى نوفمبر 1873 (حيث اتحدت أربع مقاطعات وهي أونتاريووكويبك ونوفا سكوشيا ونيوبرونزويك لتكوين الدولة الكندية. وأصبح السير جون إيه ماكدونالد أول رئيس للوزراء في البلاد ثم اخذت باقي المقاطعات والأنطقيم تنضم إلى كندا في السنوات التالية). وعاد وتولى رئاسة الوزراء لفترة ثانيه من أكتوبر 1878 إلى وفاته عام 1891.

ولد في أسكتلندا عام 1815 وهاجر إلى كندا مع والديه وكان يبلغ من العمر خمسة اعوام.

ولا يزال السير جون ماكدونالد يحظى باحترام الكنديين على الرغم من مرور وقت طويل على رحيله

كونفدرالية كندا 1864–1867

As his government had fallen again, Macdonald approached the new governor general, Lord Monck, and obtained a dissolution. Before he could act on it, he was approached by Brown through intermediaries; the Grit leader felt that the crisis gave the parties the opportunity to join together for constitutional reform. Brown had led a parliamentary committee on confederation among the British North American colonies, which had reported back just before the Taché-Macdonald government fell. Brown was more interested in representation by population; Macdonald's priority was a federation that the other colonies could join. The two compromised and agreed that the new government would support the "federative principle"—a conveniently elastic phrase. The discussions were not public knowledge and Macdonald stunned the Assembly by announcing that the dissolution was being postponed because of progress in negotiations with Brown—the two men were not only political rivals, but were known to hate each other.

رئيس وزراء كندا

Canada's economic growth was quite slow at only 1% annually 1867–1896. Canada verged on stagnation so many residents emigrated to the United States, where growth was much more rapid. Macdonald's solution was to build the transcontinental railroad to stimulate growth, and to implement a "National Policy" of high tariffs that would protect the small Canadian firms from American competition.

أول أغلبية، 1867–1871

Macdonald and his government faced immediate problems upon formation of the new country. Much work remained to do in creating a federal government. Nova Scotia was already threatening to withdraw from the union; the Intercolonial Railway, which would both conciliate the Maritimes and bind them closer to the rest of Canada, was not yet built. Anglo-American relations were in a poor state, and Canadian foreign relations were matters handled from London. The withdrawal of the Americans in 1866 from the Reciprocity Treaty had increased tariffs on Canadian goods in US markets. Much of present-day Canada remained outside confederation—in addition to the separate colonies of Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland, and British Columbia, which remained governed by the British, vast areas in the north and west belonged to the British and to the Hudson's Bay Company. American and British opinion was that the experiment of Confederation would quickly unravel, and the nascent nation absorbed by the United States.

ثاني أغلبية وفضيحة الهادي، 1872–1873

In the run-up to the 1872 election, Macdonald had yet to formulate a railway policy, or to devise the loan guarantees that would be needed to secure the construction. During the previous year, Macdonald had met with potential railway financiers such as Hugh Allan and considerable financial discussion took place. Nevertheless, the greatest political problem Macdonald faced was the Washington treaty, which had not yet been debated in Parliament.

I leave it with this House with every confidence. I am equal to either fortune. I can see past the decision of this House either for or against me, but whether it be against me or for me, I know, and it is no vain boast to say so, for even my enemies will admit that I am no boaster, that there does not exist in Canada a man who has given more of his time, more of his heart, more of his wealth, or more of his intellect and power, as it may be, for the good of this Dominion of Canada.

المعارضة، 1873–1878

ثالث ورابع أغلبية، 1878–1887

Part of the National Policy was implemented in the budget presented in February 1879. Under that budget, Canada became a high-tariff nation like the United States and Germany. The tariffs were designed to protect and build Canadian industry—finished textiles received a tariff of 34%, but the machinery to make them entered Canada free. Macdonald continued to fight for higher tariffs for the remainder of his life.

خامس وسادس أغلبية، 1887–1891؛ والوفاة

Wilfrid Laurier paid tribute to Macdonald in the House of Commons:

In fact the place of Sir John A. Macdonald in this country was so large and so absorbing that it is almost impossible to conceive that the politics of this country, the fate of this country, will continue without him. His loss overwhelms us.

الذكرى والنصب التذكارية

الدرجات الفخرية

Macdonald was awarded the following honorary degrees:

Location	Date	School	Degree
اونتاريو	1863	Queen's University	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
إنگلترة	1865	University of Oxford	Doctorate
اونتاريو	1889	University of Toronto	Doctor of Laws (LL.D)

References

Notes

Citations

Further reading

Historiography

• Dutil, Patrice and Roger Hall, eds. (2014). Macdonald at 200: New Reflections and Legacies. Toronto: Dundurn.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link), essays by scholars
• Symons, Thomas H.B. "Macdonald's qualities as leader, builder withstand welcome wave of critiques," Canadian Issues (May 2015) online

مصادر رئيسية

• Gibson, Sarah Katherine and Arthur Milnes, eds. Canada Transformed: The Speeches of Sir John A. Macdonald: A Bicentennial Celebration (McClelland and Stewart, 2014) xlvi + 486pp; mostly drawn from debates in Parliament
• Johnson, J.K. (1969). Affectionately Yours: The Letters of Sir John A. Macdonald and His Family. Toronto: The Macmillan Company of Canada, Ltd.

وصلات خارجية

مشاع الفهم فيه ميديا متعلقة بموضوع John A. Macdonald.

• "Topic — Sir John A. Macdonald: Architect of Modern Canada". CBC. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
• Library and Archives Canada: gallery of papers
• نطقب:Cite DNB
• : Sir John A. Macdonald profile

نطقب:Canadian Conservative Leaders نطقب:CA-Ministers of Justice and Attorneys General نطقب:CA-Ministers-of-the-Interior نطقب:CA-Ministers of Transport نطقب:CA-Superintendents-General of Indian Affairs نطقب:CA-Presidents of the Privy Council نطقب:Canadian federal opposition leaders نطقب:Ontario Attorneys General