نموذج المسبك

في microelectronics, the foundry model refers to the separation of a semiconductor fabrication plant operation (foundry) from an integrated circuit design operation, into separate companies or business units.

تاريخ

مسبك مخصص

في 1987, the world's first dedicated merchant foundry opened its doors: شركة تايوان لصناعة أشباه الموصلات (TSMC). The distinction of 'dedicated' is in reference to the typical merchant foundry of the era, whose primary business activity was building and selling of its own IC-products. The dedicated foundry offers several key advantages to its customers: first, it does not sell finished IC-products into the supply channel; thus a dedicated foundry will never compete directly with its fabless customers (obviating a common concern of fabless companies). Second, the dedicated foundry can scale production capacity to a customer's needs, offering low-quantity shuttle services in addition to full-scale production lines. Finally, the dedicated foundry offers a "COT-flow" (customer owned tooling) based on industry-standard EDA systems, whereas many IDM merchants required its customers to use proprietary (non-portable) development tools. The COT advantage gave the customer complete control over the design process, from concept to final design.

كبار بائعي المسابك سنوياً

Pure-play semiconductor foundry is a company that does not offer a significant amount of IC products of its own design, but instead operates semiconductor fabrication plants focused on producing ICs for other companies.^[]
Integrated device manufacturer (IDM) semiconductor foundry is where companies such as Texas Instruments, IBM, and Samsung join in to provide foundry services as long as there is no conflict of interest between relevant parties.

2016–2014

As of 2016, the top pure-play semiconductor foundries were:
Rank		Company	Foundry type	Country of origin	Revenue (million USD)
2016	2015	Company	Foundry type	Country of origin	2016	2015	2014
1	1	TSMC	Pure-play	تايوان	29,488	25,574	25,138
2	2	Globalfoundries	Pure-play	الولايات المتحدة	5,545	5,019	4,355
3	3	UMC	Pure-play	تايوان	4,582	4,464	4,331
4	4	SMIC	Pure-play	الصين	2,921	2,236	1,970
5	5	PowerChip	Pure-play	تايوان	1,275	1,268	1,291
6	6	TowerJazz	Pure-play	إسرائيل	1,249	961	828
7	7	Ruselectronics	Pure-play	روسيا	971	774	800
8	8	Vanguard (VIS)	Pure-play	تايوان	800	736	790
9	9	Hua Hong Semi	Pure-play	الصين	712	650	665
10	10	Dongbu HiTek	Pure-play	كوريا الجنوبية	672	593	541
11	12	X-Fab	Pure-play	ألمانيا	510	331	330
		Others	Pure-play		2,251	2,405	2,280

2013

As of 2013, the top 13 semiconductor foundries were:
2013 Rank	2012 Rank	Company	Foundry Type	Country of origin	Revenue (million $USD)
1	1	TSMC	Pure-play	تايوان	19,850
2	2	Globalfoundries	Pure-play	الولايات المتحدة	4,261
3	3	UMC	Pure-play	تايوان	3,959
4	4	Samsung Semiconductor	IDM	كوريا الجنوبية	3,950
5	5	SMIC	Pure-play	الصين	1,973
6	-	Ruselectronics	Pure-play	روسيا	1,200
7	8	PowerChip	Pure-play	تايوان	1,175
8	9	Vanguard (VIS)	Pure-play	تايوان	713
9	6	Huahong Grace	Pure-play	الصين	710
10	10	Dongbu	Pure-play	كوريا الجنوبية	570
11	7	TowerJazz	Pure-play	إسرائيل	509
12	11	IBM	IDM	الولايات المتحدة	485
13	12	MagnaChip	IDM	كوريا الجنوبية	411
14	13	Win Semiconductors	Pure-play	تايوان	354

2011

As of 2011, the top 14 semiconductor foundries were:
Rank	Company	Foundry type	Country of origin	Revenue (million USD)
1	TSMC	Pure-play	تايوان	14,600
2	UMC	Pure-play	تايوان	3,760
3	Globalfoundries	Pure-play	الولايات المتحدة	3,580
4	Samsung Semiconductor	IDM	كوريا الجنوبية	1,975
5	SMIC	Pure-play	الصين	1,315
6	TowerJazz	Pure-play	إسرائيل	610
7	Vanguard (VIS)	Pure-play	تايوان	519
8	Dongbu HiTek	Pure-play	كوريا الجنوبية	500
9	IBM	IDM	الولايات المتحدة	445
10	MagnaChip	IDM	كوريا الجنوبية	350
11	SSMC	Pure-play	سنغافورة	345
12	Hua Hong NEC	Pure-play	الصين	335
13	Win Semiconductors	Pure-play	تايوان	300
14	X-Fab	Pure-play	ألمانيا	285

2010

As of 2010, the topعشرة semiconductor foundries were:
Rank	Company	Foundry Type	Country of origin	Revenue (million USD)
1	TSMC	Pure-play	تايوان	13,332
2	UMC	Pure-play	تايوان	3,824
3	Globalfoundries	Pure-play	الولايات المتحدة	3,520
4	SMIC	Pure-play	الصين	1,554
5	Dongbu HiTek	Pure-play	كوريا الجنوبية	512
6	TowerJazz	Pure-play	إسرائيل	509
7	Vanguard (VIS)	Pure-play	تايوان	505
8	IBM	IDM	الولايات المتحدة	500
9	MagnaChip	IDM	كوريا الجنوبية	410
10	Samsung Semiconductor	IDM	كوريا الجنوبية	390

2009–2007

As of 2009, the top 17 semiconductor foundries were:

الترتيب	الشركة	نوع المسبك	بلد الأصل	المبيعات (بالمليون USD)
2009	الشركة	نوع المسبك	بلد الأصل	2009	2008	2007
1	TSMC	Pure-play	تايوان	8,989	10,556	9,813
2	UMC	Pure-play	Taiwan	2,815	3,070	3,430
3	Chartered(1)	Pure-play	Singapore	1,540	1,743	1,458
4	GlobalFoundries	Pure-play	USA	1,101	0	0
5	SMIC	Pure-play	China	1,075	1,353	1,550
6	Dongbu	Pure-play	South Korea	395	490	510
7	Vanguard	Pure-play	Taiwan	382	511	486
8	IBM	IDM	USA	335	400	570
9	Samsung	IDM	South Korea	325	370	355
10	Grace	Pure-play	China	310	335	310
11	HeJian	Pure-play	China	305	345	330
12	Tower Semiconductor	Pure-play	Israel	292	252	231
13	HHNEC	Pure-play	China	290	350	335
14	SSMC	Pure-play	Singapore	280	340	359
15	Texas Instruments	IDM	USA	250	315	450
16	X-Fab	Pure-play	Germany	223	368	410
17	MagnaChip	IDM	South Korea	220	290	322

(1) Now acquired by GlobalFoundries

2008–2006

As of 2008, the top 18 pure-play semiconductor foundries were:

Rank	Company	Country of origin	Revenue (million USD)
2008	Company	Country of origin	2008	2007	2006
1	TSMC	Taiwan	10,556	9,813	9,748
2	UMC	Taiwan	3,400	3,755	3,670
3	Chartered	Singapore	1,743	1,458	1,527
4	SMIC	China	1,354	1,550	1,465
5	Vanguard	Taiwan	511	486	398
6	Dongbu	South Korea	490	510	456
7	X-Fab	Germany	400	410	290
8	HHNEC	China	350	335	315
9	HeJian	China	345	330	290
10	SSMC	Singapore	340	350	325
11	Grace	China	335	310	227
12	Tower Semiconductor	Israel	252	231	187
13	Jazz Semiconductor	United States	190	182	213
14	Silterra	Malaysia	175	180	155
15	ASMC	China	149	155	170
16	Polar Semiconductor	Japan	110	105	95
17	Mosel-Vitelic	Taiwan	100	105	155
18	CR Micro (1)	China	-	143	114
Others			140	167	180
Total			20,980	20,575	19,940

(1) Merged with CR Logic in 2008, reclassified as an IDM foundry

2007–2005

As of 2007, the top 14 semiconductor foundries include:

Rank	Company	Foundry type	Country of origin	Revenue (million USD)
2007	Company	Foundry type	Country of origin	2007	2006	2005
1	TSMC	Pure-Play	Taiwan	9,813	9,748	8,217
2	UMC	Pure-Play	Taiwan	3,755	3,670	3,259
3	SMIC	Pure-Play	China	1,550	1,465	1,171
4	Chartered	Pure-Play	Singapore	1,458	1,527	1,132
5	Texas Instruments	IDM	United States	610	585	540
6	IBM	IDM	United States	570	600	665
7	Dongbu	Pure-Play	South Korea	510	456	347
8	Vanguard	Pure-Play	Taiwan	486	398	353
9	X-Fab	Pure-Play	Germany	410	290	202
10	Samsung	IDM	South Korea	385	75	-
11	SSMC	Pure-Play	Singapore	350	325	280
12	HHNEC	Pure-Play	China	335	315	313
13	HeJian	Pure-Play	China	330	290	250
14	MagnaChip	IDM	South Korea	322	342	345

For ranking in worldwide:

الترتيب		الشركة	بلد الأصل	المبيعات (بالمليون USD)		2006/2005 changes
2006	2005	الشركة	بلد الأصل	2006	2005	2006/2005 changes
6	7	TSMC	Taiwan	9,748	8,217	+19%
21	22	UMC	Taiwan	3,670	3,259	+13%

2004

As of 2004, the topعشرة pure-play semiconductor foundries were:^[]

Rank 2004	الشركة	بلد الأصل
1	TSMC	Taiwan
2	UMC	Taiwan
3	Chartered	Singapore
4	SMIC	China
5	Dongbu/Anam	South Korea
6	SSMC	Singapore
7	HHNEC	China
8	Jazz Semiconductor	United States
9	Silterra	Malaysia
10	X-Fab	Germany

Financial and IP issues

Like all industries, the semiconductor industry faces upcoming challenges and obstacles.

The cost to stay on the leading edge has steadily increased with each generation of chips. The financial strain is being felt by both large merchant foundries and their fabless customers. The cost of a new foundry exceeds $1 billion. These costs must be passed on to customers. Many merchant foundries have entered into joint ventures with their competitors in an effort to split research and design expenditures and fab-maintenance expenses.

Chip design companies sometimes avoid other companies' patents simply by purchasing the products from a licensed foundry with broad cross-license agreements with the patent owner.

Stolen design data is also a concern; data is rarely directly copied, because blatant copies are easily identified by distinctive features in the chip, placed there either for this purpose or as a byproduct of the design process. However, the data including any procedure, process system, method of operation or concept may be sold to a competitor, who may save months or years of tedious الهندسة العكسية.

انظر أيضاً

تصنيع بدون مصنع Fabless manufacturing
Contract manufacturer
Integrated device manufacturer
Semiconductor fabrication
Original design manufacturer
Original equipment manufacturer
Semiconductor fabless sales leaders by year
Semiconductor equipment sales leaders by year

الهامش

^ Hitoshi Hirakawa; Kaushalesh Lal; Shinkai Naoko (2013). . Routledge. pp. 34–. ISBN .
^ McGrath, Dylan (2017-01-23). "X-Fab is Fastest Growing Foundry". EE Times. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
^ "RBK Data base of companies". rbc.ru. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
^ "United States dollar (USD) and Russian ruble (RUB) Year 2014 Exchange Rate History". Retrieved 20 February 2018.
^ IC Insights: Top 13 Foundries Account for 91% of Total Foundry Sales in 2013
^ http://itar-tass.com/en/economy/727118
^ semimd.com: 2011 Major IC Foundries.
^ dongbuhitek.com: 2010 Foundry Ranking (citing Gartner) (PDF).
^ IC Insights, "2009 Major IC Foundries" March 2009.
^ IC Insights, "Leading Pure-Play Foundry Companies" March 2009.
^ IC Insights, "2007 Major IC Foundries".
^ IC Insights, "Worldwide 2006 Top 25 Semiconductor Sales Leaders".
^ R. H. Abramson (28 Feb – أربعة Mar 1994). "When the chickens come home to roost: the licensed foundry defensein patent cases". Compcon Spring '94, Digest of Papers.: 348–354. doi:10.1109/CMPCON.1994.282907. ISBN .
^ Carol Marsh and Tom Kean. "A Security Tagging Scheme for ASIC Designs and Intellectual Property Cores". Design & Reuse.