أساترو

A modern replica of a Viking Age pendant representing Mjölnir, the hammer of the god Thor; such pendants are often worn by Heathens.

الأساترو هي من مجموعة ديانات وتنطقيد وثنية أصلها نرسية، كانت موجودة بين التوتونيون في اوروبا الشمالية. معظم الجماعات والمؤسسات التي تسمي نفسها "اساترو" تأسس قائمة آلهتها من الأساطير النورسية والقصص الآيسلندية وعلى معلومات تاريخية.

تعريف

Outdoor altar to mark Yule 2010, set up by the Swedish Forn Sed Assembly in Gothenburg, Västergötland

A 2009 rite performed on the Icelandic hill of Öskjuhlíð, Reykjavík

Heathen ritual space marked out by an engraved wooden pillar, located on The Wrekin in Shropshire, England

المعتقدات

الآلهة والأرواح

A detail from Gotland runestone G 181, in the Swedish Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm. The three figures are interpreted as Odin, Thor, and Freyr, deities which have seen their veneration revived among modern Heathens.

Heathen cemetery in Gufuneskirkjugarður, Reykjavík, which was established in 1999

الأخلاق

A 2011 Heathen blót in Humlamaden near Veberöd in Lund, Sweden

A 2010 outdoor altar at the Springblót at Gamla Uppsala, Uppland, Sweden

الطقوس والممارسات

A Heathen altar for the Yule feast in Gothenburg, Sweden. The painted tablet at the back depicts Sunna, the two larger wooden idols Odin (left) and Frey (right). In front of them there are the three Norns, and in the front row a red Thor and other idols. In front of the cult images are two ritual hammers.

الأعياد

Members of the Ásatrúarfélagið preparing for a Þingblót at Þingvellir, Iceland

Altar for Haustblót in Bohus-Björkö, Västergötland, Sweden. The big wooden idol represents the god Frey, the smaller one next to it represents Freyja, the picture in front of it Sunna, and the small red idol Thor.

التاريخ

السوابق الرومانسية والشعبية

Guido von List, who promoted an early form of Heathenry

During the late 18th and 19th centuries, German Romanticism focused increasing attention on the pre-Christian belief systems of Germanic Europe, with various Romanticist intellectuals expressing the opinion that these ancient religions were "more natural, organic and positive" than Christianity. Such an attitude was promoted by the scholarship of Romanticist intellectuals like Johann Gottfried Herder, Jacob Grimm, and Wilhelm Grimm. This development went in tandem with a growth in nationalism and the idea of the volk, contributing to the establishment of the Völkisch movement in German-speaking Europe. Criticising the Jewish roots of Christianity, in 1900 the Germanist Ernst Wachler published a pamphlet calling for the revival of a racialized ancient German religion. Other writers such as Ludwig Fahrenkrog supported his claims, resulting in the formation of both the Bund fur Persönlichkeitskultur (League for the Culture of the Personality) and the Deutscher Orden in 1911 and then the Germanische-Deutsche Religionsgemeinschaft (Germanic-German Religious Community) in 1912.

التطور الحديث

Sveinbjörn Beinteinsson, leader of the Icelandic Ásatrúarfélagið, at a blót in 1991

Prominent American Heathens Stephen McNallen (left) and Michael "Valgard" Murray (center), with Eric "Hnikar" Wood (right) at the 2000 Althing

انظر أيضاً

Neopaganism in Latin Europe
Baltic neopaganism
Celtic neopaganism
Polytheistic reconstructionism
Viking revival
Neopaganism in Romania
Ásatrú holidays
Ásatrú Scouting and Guiding
Common Germanic deities

المراجع

الهامش

^ Granholm 2011, pp. 520–521.
^ Schnurbein 2016, p. 17.
^ Granholm 2011, p. 521; Schnurbein 2016, p. 17.
^ Schnurbein 2016, p. 38.
^ Schnurbein 2016, pp. 38–40.

المصادر

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للاستزادة

دراسات أكاديمية

Bernauer, Lauren (2006). "Modern Germanic Heathenry and the Radical Traditionalists". In Frances Di Lauro (ed.) (eds.). Through a Glass Darkly: Reflections on the Sacred. Sydney: Sydney University Press. pp. 265–274. ISBN .CS1 maint: uses editors parameter (link)

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Gardell, Mattias (2004). "White Racist Religions in the United States: From Christian Identity to Wolf Age Pagans". In James R. Lewis and Jesper Aagaard Petersen (eds.) (eds.). Controversial New Religions. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 387–422. doi:10.1093/019515682X.003.0018. ISBN .CS1 maint: uses editors parameter (link)

Lindquist, Galina (1997). Shamanic Performances on the Urban Scene: Neo-Shamanism in Contemporary Sweden. Stockholm: Stockholm Studies in Social Anthropology. ISBN .

Strmiska, Michael F. (2002). "Asatru in Iceland". In S. Rabinovitch and J. Lewis (eds.) (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Modern Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism. New York: Citadel Press. pp. 15–17. ISBN .CS1 maint: uses editors parameter (link)

المصادر الرئيسية

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Krasskova, Galina; Kaldera, Raven (2009). Northern Tradition for the Solitary Practitioner: A Book of Prayer, Devotional Practice, and the Nine Worlds of Spirit. Pompton Plains: Career Press. ISBN .

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McNallen, Stephen (2015). Asatru: A Native European Spirituality. Nevada City: Runestone Press. ISBN .

Paxson, Diana L. (2007). Essential Asatru: Walking the Path of Norse Paganism. New York: Citadel Press. ISBN .

Thorsson, Edred (1984). Futhark: Handbook of Rune Magic. Newburyport, Massachusetts: Red Wheel/Weiser. ISBN .